【正文】
單持有人(買方)。因此,提單持有人雖不是與承運人直接訂立合同的一方當(dāng)事人,但由于提單本身的獨立性,提單持有人依據(jù)提單享有請求承運人交付貨物的權(quán)利。貨物控制權(quán)行使的基礎(chǔ)是海上貨物運輸合同。畢竟《鹿特丹規(guī)則》第50條第1款第(2)項和第(3)項本質(zhì)上是對運輸合同的變更,根據(jù)有約定從約定、無約定從法定的原則,運輸合同當(dāng)事人可以在合同中約定相關(guān)權(quán)利的法律效力,以限制非強制性法律條文的適用。賦予控制方此項權(quán)利,可謂突破了傳統(tǒng)合同相對性原則。控制方并非總是運輸合同的當(dāng)事人。其第1款為:“控制方是唯一可以與承運人約定對運輸合同的變更的人,但第50條第1款第(2)項和第(3)項述及的內(nèi)容除外。根據(jù)《鹿特丹規(guī)則》第1條第11款的規(guī)定,所謂收貨人是指根據(jù)運輸合同或運輸單證或電子運輸記錄有權(quán)提取貨物的人。通過變更收貨人,賣方可以及時有效地處置運輸途中的貨物,以減少自己不必要的損失。與控制權(quán)的行使范圍不同,它不具有單方指示的性質(zhì),而要求控制方必須與承運人進(jìn)行協(xié)商。[20] 司玉琢主編:《海商法》,北京,法律出版社,2007年版,第105頁?,F(xiàn)行的三大國際海上運輸公約都明文規(guī)定承運人不得進(jìn)行不合理繞航。由于控制方對貨物享有法益,他當(dāng)然可以依自己的意思表示對貨物作出處置;第55條為控制方的義務(wù)。 值得注意的是,控制方發(fā)出指示既是一項權(quán)利又是一項義務(wù)(《鹿特丹規(guī)則》第55條、第29條)。而這些信息控制方難以獲得,相對而言,承運人對這些信息掌握得更加及時、全面。承運人決定是否執(zhí)行指示還得權(quán)衡同一航程中其他貨主的利益及承運人自身的運輸任務(wù)。在承運人執(zhí)行指示的條件方面,“發(fā)出此種指示的人有權(quán)行使控制權(quán)”,具體到向承運人發(fā)出指示時,控制方需要出示相關(guān)文件證明其為權(quán)利人,承運人也只能根據(jù)控制方提供的資料作出是否執(zhí)行此指示的決定。對貨物發(fā)出指示,包含廣義和狹義的指示。二、控制方就貨物發(fā)出指示、修改指示的權(quán)利此項權(quán)利的規(guī)定主要體現(xiàn)在《鹿特丹規(guī)則》第50條第1款第1項以及第52條。具體體現(xiàn)在《鹿特丹規(guī)則》第50條第1款:“控制權(quán)只能由控制方行使,且僅限于:(1)就貨物發(fā)出指示或修改指示的權(quán)利,此種指示不構(gòu)成對運輸合同的變更;(2)在計劃掛靠港,或在內(nèi)陸運輸情況下在運輸途中的任何地點提取貨物的權(quán)利;和(3)由包括控制方在內(nèi)的其他任何人取代收貨人的權(quán)利。 提單運輸中貨物控制權(quán)研究 第二章 貨物控制權(quán)的內(nèi)容與主體第二章 貨物控制權(quán)的內(nèi)容與主體第一節(jié) 貨物控制權(quán)的內(nèi)容一、概述(一)貨物控制權(quán)法律關(guān)系一項民商事法律關(guān)系的研究需要剖析其內(nèi)在的構(gòu)成要素,即主體、客體、內(nèi)容。另外,在提單為物權(quán)憑證的情形下,提單的買賣通常被視為貨物的買賣。提單將貨物的權(quán)利體現(xiàn)在具體的單證上,其可識別性、可轉(zhuǎn)讓性特征簡化了貨物買賣中的交易程序。這在貨物短途運輸情況下表現(xiàn)得尤為突出;其次,提單制度存在著一些理論性問題。當(dāng)時海上貿(mào)易的形式經(jīng)歷了從航商合一到航商分離的變化,商人不再派遣自己的代表隨船出海,而是將貨物交給船東,船東出具一份證明收到貨物的書面文件,這個文件便是提單的雛形。除非準(zhǔn)據(jù)法禁止,否則,他有權(quán)在貨物運抵目的地后,收貨人請求提取貨物之前的任何時候,改變收貨人的名稱,但他應(yīng)以書面形式或為承運人接受的其他方式,給承運人以合理的通知,并就因此造成承運人的額外費用承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。在國際貨物運輸領(lǐng)域,除海運以外其他運輸方式的國際公約對貨物控制權(quán)已有所規(guī)定。根據(jù)實際情況,承運人可以要求此當(dāng)事人提供貨物方面的信息、指示或文件。這樣才能更好地保護(hù)賣方的利益,從而達(dá)到平衡買賣合同和運輸合同間權(quán)利義務(wù)的目的。因此,承運人有權(quán)拒絕賣方變更運輸合同的請求,其應(yīng)遵循運輸合同的相關(guān)約定,將貨物運往并卸載至運輸合同指定的目的地,從而完成運輸合同項下的義務(wù)。買賣合同影響到運輸合同的訂立及其內(nèi)容,運輸合同的適當(dāng)履行則是買賣合同順利履行的必要條件,如中途停運權(quán)的行使往往需要運輸合同中承運人的配合。[11] 陳小君:《合同法學(xué)》,北京,高等教育出版社,2003年版,第372頁?!痹谟⒚婪ㄏ抵校m然沒有債的概念及其體系,但是存在“合同的相對性”(privity of contract),即只有合同當(dāng)事人才能享有合同項下的積極權(quán)利(如請求支付現(xiàn)金)與抗辯權(quán)(如合同中的免責(zé)條款),合同只對合同當(dāng)事人產(chǎn)生約束力,非合同當(dāng)事人不能就合同項下的權(quán)利義務(wù)訴請法院強制執(zhí)行,即使合同的利益最終歸屬于他。第三,一般情況下,賣方行使中途停運權(quán)須滿足以下四個要件:買方?jīng)]有支付貨款;買方可能無償債能力或者明確表示不履行付款義務(wù);賣方對貨物失去占有;貨物在運輸途中并由承運人掌管。賣方將提單轉(zhuǎn)讓給買方后,買方?jīng)]有將提單再次轉(zhuǎn)讓的,賣方仍享有中途停運權(quán)?!? 所謂中途停運權(quán),指的是在買賣合同的履行過程中,未實際占有貨物的買方可能喪失付款能力或者明示或默示其將不履行付款義務(wù),沒有收到貨款的賣方于買方實際占有貨物之前享有的要求承運人中止運輸并重新占有貨物的權(quán)利。具體體現(xiàn)如《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》第71條:“(1)如果訂立合同后,另一方當(dāng)事人由于下列原因顯然將不履行其大部分重要義務(wù),一方當(dāng)事人可以中止履行義務(wù):(a)他履行義務(wù)的能力或他的信用有嚴(yán)重缺陷;或(b)他在準(zhǔn)備履行合同或履行合同中的行為。本文主要參照《鹿特丹規(guī)則》的相關(guān)條文規(guī)定,以海商法理論和實踐為基礎(chǔ),初步研究提單運輸中貨物控制權(quán)制度的有關(guān)問題。從其宗旨來看,與其他現(xiàn)存的國際海上貨物運輸公約相比,《鹿特丹規(guī)則》并無特別之處。關(guān)鍵詞:貨物控制權(quán),提單制度,影響與借鑒50提單運輸中貨物控制權(quán)研究 ABSTRACTStudy on the Right of Control in International Carriage of Goods by Sea under the Conditions of Bills of LadingABSTRACTIn the field of international carriage of goods, international convention relating to other transport ways than maritime transport has already stipulated some provisions involving right of control. As to maritime transport, although in 1990 CMI Uniform Rules for Sea Waybills and CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading has referred to the right of control, they are far cannot satisfy the needs of development of practice of modern maritime transport owing to rather narrow scope of application. Moreover, the foundation of uniform system of the right of control will greatly relieve some challenges and difficulties of system of bills of lading. As a new international convention in the field of international carriage of goods by sea, Rotterdam Rules stipulates a set of new rules that aiming to update, coordinate and integrate the currently existing rules of international carriage of goods by sea involving to maritime section, and makes outstanding contribution of adopting to the field of container cargo transport, multimodal transport and emerce. As a new legal system, the right of control is stipulated in chapter ten of Rotterdam Rules. Base on the provisions of Rotterdam Rules, this paper discusses the influences of right of control on currently existing legal system of maritime law by means of systematically analyzing the said right, and the use of right of control for reference to China Maritime Code.Besides preface and conclusion, this paper is divided into four chapters as follows: Chapter one discusses the history of right of control and the necessity of creating the said right under bills of lading transport from two aspects, namely, it’s the requirement of joining the trade law with transport law, and the development of the system of bills of lading under the law of carriage of goods by sea. Chapter two clarifies the content and parties of the right of control. Generally speaking, the right to control refers to right that shipper and the person who is entitled to the right of transport contract pursuant to stipulations of the law, according to the transport contract, without prejudice to normal operations of carrier and interests of other owners of goods on the same voyage, gives instructions to the carrier relating to the matter of transporting or delivering the goods under the transport contract during the period of the carrier’s responsibility. The content of the right of control mainly includes three control party’s rights, there are, the right of giving or modifying instructions to carrier, the right to obtain delivery of the goods in port of call and the right to replace the consignee. The parties are divided into controlling party and the party of duty referring to the carrier. Chapter three expatiates on the exercise and legal nature of the right of control. In respect of the exercise of the said right, this chapter deals with such issues as ways and the period of exercising the said right. The ways of exercising the right of control vary with the types of bills of lading and the period of exercising the said right shall be period of responsibility of the carrier. The legal nature of the right of control which having certain characters of real right is essentially specific right of claim in credit. Chapter four focuses on the relevant legal questions of rights of controlling party and the use of right of control for r