英國國家概況(三)(中英文版)(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 tion of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 《大憲章》是約翰國王 1215 年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。他將全國分為六個(gè)審制區(qū)。 demolished many castles built in Stephen39。 ③ 威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對(duì)方服役和收租。s Rule （ 10661087） 威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元 10661087） England39。⑥ 在封建等級(jí)底層的是農(nóng)奴。他迫使弗蘭德斯雇傭軍離開英國，收回 史蒂芬森贈(zèng)出皇室土地；拆除幾十座史蒂芬森時(shí)造德城堡，加強(qiáng)并擴(kuò)大了他的行政長官們的權(quán)力，依靠由英國自由民組成的民兵獲取軍事支持。另外，他用陪審員制度代替了舊的殘酷的審判制度?！洞髴椪隆返木袷窍拗茋鯔?quán)力，使其在英國封 建法律允許的范圍內(nèi)活動(dòng)。 War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England39。 V. The Black Death 黑死病 The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced England39。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方設(shè)法迫使農(nóng)民重返農(nóng)奴地位。這次起義沉重打擊了封建農(nóng)奴制度，產(chǎn)生了全新的自耕農(nóng)階級(jí)，為資本主義發(fā)展鋪設(shè)了道路。大多數(shù)起義農(nóng)民解 散回家，但泰勒和其他堅(jiān)決的農(nóng)民留下來要求得到更多的法律、宗教和政治權(quán)利。 黑死病對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)原因則與弗蘭德斯有關(guān)。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。 (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections。s court. 亨利二世大大加強(qiáng)了王家法院，擴(kuò)展了其司法工作的職權(quán)范圍。 recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen。 ② 根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉統(tǒng)治下
公司管理相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號(hào)-1