英國國家概況(三)(中英文版)(已修改)
2024-11-18 22:20 本頁面
【正文】 英美概況 （三） 中英文版 第三章 英國的形成 Chapter 3 第三章 The Shaping of the Nation (10661381) 英國的形成（公元 10661381） I. Norman Rule (10661381) 諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元 10661381） 1. William39。s Rule （ 10661087） 威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元 10661087） England39。s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度 ①Under William, the feudal system in England was pletely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land39。s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily bine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had bee William39。s tenantsinchief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance， not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. ① 在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。 ② 根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。 ③ 威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。 ④這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯(lián)合起來反叛國王。 ⑤ 已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。⑥ 在封建等級底層的是農(nóng)奴。 ⑦ 英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主，而 且要效忠于國王。 2. King Henry II and his reforms 亨利二世國王和他的改革 The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy. 亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。 Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England。 recalled grants of Royal lands ma
公司管理相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號-1