【正文】 指 __引起毒性反應(yīng)的最小劑量 _____。 11．口服某些藥物 ,在 ___胃腸道 _______吸收后 ,經(jīng)門靜脈進(jìn)入肝臟 ,在進(jìn)入體循環(huán)前被 __腸粘膜 _及 _肝臟酶 _代謝滅活或結(jié)合貯存，是進(jìn)入體循環(huán)的藥量明顯 減少 ,這種現(xiàn)象稱作首關(guān)消除。 3．藥理學(xué)的研究方法主要有 _臨床前研究 _、 _臨床研究 _和_售后調(diào)研 _三方面。 31. 替代療法 ：用于治療急、慢性腎上腺皮質(zhì)功能不全，腦垂體前葉功能減退癥及腎上腺次全切除術(shù)后。 23．量反應(yīng) ：以數(shù)量分級(jí)表示的藥理效應(yīng)，如血壓、尿量等的改變。 ：指血漿中的藥物消除速度與血藥濃度成正比，即恒比消除。 7. 半數(shù)致死量 (LD50)： 藥物能引起一群實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 50％死亡所需的劑量或濃度。 2. 受體拮抗劑 ：藥物與受體親和力較強(qiáng)，但無內(nèi)在活性，不產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)，能阻斷激動(dòng)藥與受體結(jié)合，對(duì)抗或取消激動(dòng)藥的作用。 ：口服某些藥物，在胃腸道吸收后，經(jīng)肝門靜脈進(jìn)入感知，在進(jìn)入體循環(huán)前被肝臟代謝，是進(jìn)入體循環(huán)的藥量明顯減少。 18. 神經(jīng)遞質(zhì) ：能夠傳遞神經(jīng)信息的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。 26．抗抑郁藥 ：是一類增強(qiáng) 5— ＨＴ或ＮＡ能神經(jīng)功能而精神振奮的藥物。 34. 半數(shù) 有效 量 (ED50)： 藥物能 對(duì) 一群實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 的 50％產(chǎn)生藥理效應(yīng) 所需的劑量或濃度。 6．藥物的安全范圍是指 ED95 與 LD5之間的距離 ___。 __對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生明顯效應(yīng)但不引起毒性反應(yīng)的劑量 _____。 20．能夠傳遞化學(xué)信息的 _化學(xué)物質(zhì) ____叫做遞質(zhì)（介質(zhì)）。 28．解救有機(jī)磷中毒的兩類特異性解毒藥分別為 __碘解磷啶 ____和 __氯解磷啶 ____。 36．阻斷 α 和 β 受體的藥物是 _拉貝洛爾 ___。 44． β 受體阻斷藥的藥理作用有： β 受體阻斷作用 ___、內(nèi)在擬交感活性 __和 __膜穩(wěn)定作用 _______。 52．氯丙嗪對(duì)體溫的影響，表現(xiàn)在低溫環(huán)境中應(yīng)用氯丙嗪可使體溫顯著 _降低 __，而在高溫環(huán)境中則可使體溫顯著___升高 ___。 3 61．阿司匹林刺激胃粘膜產(chǎn)生胃腸道不良反應(yīng)的防治方法 _嚼碎藥片 __、 _飯后服 __同服抗酸藥或用腸溶片 、 胃潰瘍患者禁用等 。 69．利多卡因主要用于 __室 ___性心律失常，經(jīng)肝臟代謝時(shí)_首關(guān) _效應(yīng)明顯，故不宜口服給藥，常采用 _靜脈點(diǎn)滴 _方式給藥。 76．甘露醇禁用于 __慢性心衰 和 活動(dòng)性顱內(nèi)出血 ___患者。 84．長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素停藥過快可致 __反跳現(xiàn)象 __和 __停藥癥狀 __。 青霉素類 、 頭孢菌素類 對(duì)革蘭氏陰性菌也有效 90．真菌感染選藥的原則應(yīng)明確是 _深部 ____感染還是 __淺部 ___感染；選擇 全身 _用藥，還是 _局部 ____用藥。 3．舉例說明何謂受體激動(dòng)劑和受體拮抗劑。 7．山莨菪堿的作用特點(diǎn)和主要用途。 11．試比較琥珀膽堿和筒箭毒堿在作用、機(jī)理、不良反應(yīng)和中毒解救方面有何不同。 答：二藥合用能協(xié)同降低耗氧量， 普萘洛爾 能對(duì)抗硝酸酯類引起的反射性心率加快，硝酸酯類可縮小 普萘洛爾所致的心室容積增大和心室射血時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)，相互取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，合用時(shí)用量減少，副作用也減少。 20．簡(jiǎn)述嗎啡的藥理作用和臨床應(yīng) 用表現(xiàn)在哪些方面？ 答：藥理作用：鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜作用；抑制呼吸；鎮(zhèn)咳；催吐；興奮平滑??；擴(kuò)張阻力血管及容量血管，引起體位性低血壓； 臨床應(yīng)用：鎮(zhèn)痛；心源性哮喘；止瀉 。 答：選擇性激動(dòng)延腦孤束核次一級(jí)神經(jīng)元突觸后膜α 2受體和延髓 吻端網(wǎng)狀腹外側(cè)咪唑啉受體，激動(dòng)抑制性神經(jīng)元，使外周交 感神經(jīng)活性降低，血壓下降。 28．用于治療流行性腦脊髓膜炎的磺胺類藥物 是哪個(gè)藥？簡(jiǎn)述選用此藥的藥理基礎(chǔ)。 答：類腎上腺皮質(zhì)亢進(jìn)綜合癥；誘發(fā)加重感染；誘發(fā)加重潰瘍；延緩傷口愈合；影響生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育；引起欣快、激動(dòng)、失眠、升高眼壓、誘發(fā)精神失常等。 36．比較嗎啡和阿司匹林的鎮(zhèn)痛作用，鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)理及其臨床應(yīng)用的區(qū)別。 37．常用硫脲類抗甲狀腺藥物有哪些？簡(jiǎn)述本類藥物的作用原 理、臨床應(yīng)用。 答：見 28 題 42．簡(jiǎn)述天然青霉素 G 有哪些主要缺點(diǎn)。 答： ① 急性血栓栓塞性疾病 ② 播散性血管內(nèi)凝血 ③ 體外抗凝 46．詳述磺胺甲基異惡唑（ SMZ）和甲氧芐啶（ TMP）合用的藥理基礎(chǔ)。 答： 早期用藥；聯(lián)合用藥；堅(jiān)持全療程規(guī)律用藥；適宜的 劑量；結(jié)核病的復(fù)治。向下調(diào)節(jié)與耐受性有關(guān)。 1 選擇性作用：藥物只對(duì)某個(gè)或某些組織器官發(fā)生明顯作用，而對(duì)其它組織作用很小或無作用。 9 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O 謝謝！?。?2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fi