【正文】 括長江流域 ,四川盆地、渭河流域 , 黃河流域、淮河流域、海河流域 ,福建和廣東沿海。 3. 這是因為工人家屬與父母有相似的生活方式。所有這些 地區(qū)無論是現(xiàn)在或未來都 不 可能實現(xiàn)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn) 。第一類地區(qū)包括長江三角洲平原 ,珠江三角洲 , 山東半島東部、和北京 天津 唐山地區(qū)。因此 ,農(nóng)村工業(yè)化必須依靠便利的交通 ,有效的市場體系 ,高品質的勞動力以及與城市緊密的合作。 四、 農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化對其他地區(qū)的適用性 無錫、江陰近年來的發(fā)展狀況表明農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化適用于這些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。 農(nóng)村人口 直接 向大城市的 轉移超出了 農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的 范圍 。越多的人轉移 ,小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展 速度就會越快。隨著農(nóng)村剩 余勞動力銳減 ,農(nóng)村勞動力未來向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門轉移 ,主要涉及到新增的勞動力。 不 僅 人口遷移 是 不完 全 的 ,就連作為主要產(chǎn)業(yè)集群所在地的 鄉(xiāng) 鎮(zhèn)也是不完全的。 （四） 小城鎮(zhèn)在城 鎮(zhèn) 化中的重要作用 鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)行政管理 (鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn) )作為農(nóng)村人口和農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)中心起著重要的作用。 工業(yè)與小城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展 之間不協(xié)調(diào) 。 （三） 城 鎮(zhèn) 化滯后于工業(yè)化 城鎮(zhèn)化和工業(yè)化是相互依存的。轉移人口 似乎已 經(jīng) 滿 足于最初的轉移，而不愿再次改變現(xiàn)狀。第二 層次人員 的轉移 趨勢對小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展是有利的。 農(nóng) 民 不離 開 他們的村莊 ， 居住 地 和工作 地都 在 農(nóng)村 ,但是他們大部分的工作時間 用于 非農(nóng)業(yè)活動。農(nóng)村工業(yè)雇傭這些 剩 余 勞動力 ， 農(nóng)村工業(yè)化和城市化 也就開始了 。 這種動力來源于上級 ，表現(xiàn)為自上而下的過程 。對農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的四大特點進行了分析 ： 即城鄉(xiāng) 人口 的 多級轉移 、分散的空間格局、城 鎮(zhèn)化滯后于工業(yè)化、小城鎮(zhèn)在城 鎮(zhèn) 化中的重要作用。 dispersed spatial pattern。 it accelerated with the mencement of reforms and the open door policy in 1979. By 1996, rural industries were already producing over 95 percent of the gross value of the industrial and agricultural output, employing 60 percent of the labor force in the rural areas. Towns prospered and the ruralurban ine ratio reached a balance. On a closer examination of rural urbanization, four characteristics may be observed. Multilevel transfer of rural population into urban population The transfer of rural population into urban population is the major theme of urbanization. During the process of rural urbanization in Wuxi and Jiangyin, there were a number of transferforms, as the peasants could not bee urban people simply by leaving the countryside[2] (see Table I). Table I. Three levels of rural urbanization Subject Rural people Level First level Second level Third level (urban people) Occupation Agriculture Nonagriculture (village industry) Nonagriculture (township industry) Nonagriculture Workplace Rural Rural Town Town and city Residence place Rural Rural Rural Town and city Linkage with agriculture Strong Weak Degree of transfer to urban people Low High Transfer cost (RMB/person) a 1,800 3,000 10,000 Activity space Within village Within village Within town Within town or city Population (in thousands)b 1,000 350 450 245 Notes:a figures of 1986 b figures of 1986 Source: Information from fieldwork First, rural people were employed by nonagricultural enterprises, usually run by the village collective or the individual peasant household, near their homes. Rural people did not leave their village. Both places of residence and work were in the village, but most of their working time was devoted to nonagricultural activities. Through this firstlevel transfer, rural people changed their occupations and engaged in the nonagricultural activities. Because they did not leave their villages, the transfer was relatively convenient. From 19781986, those involved in this firstlevel transfer increased from 100,000 to 270,000. If their dependants[3] were included, the number reached 350,000, or percent of the total population. Second, rural people were employed by nonagricultural enterprises, usually a township enterprise, but the people involved continued to live in rural areas. Compared with the first group, this second group of people was more “urbanized”, because their workplace had been moved from rural area into a small town, usually township level town, where they could enjoy some urban life after work[4]. But as they still lived in the countryside, this kind of transfer was not yet plete. The tendency of the second group toward small towns was beneficial for their development. As the second group only required workingspace and no housing in the small towns, there was no demand on funds to extend the small towns. This gave more people the chance to participate in this transfer process. Since 1978, 64 small towns in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties have accepted some 29,000 rural laborers. If their dependants are included, the size of this second group has grown from 160,000, or percent of the population in 1978, to 450,000, or percent of the population in 1986. Third, the rural people not only changed their occupation and workplace, but they also moved from the countryside into the small towns. Through this transfer, rural people were pletely transformed into urban population. This transfer started from 1984 onwards, when the central government adopted a new policy which allowed rural people to live in small towns or migrate to the city as contractworkers in urban enterprises, if they were able to take care of their own food grain supply. From 1984 to 1986, about 20,000 people were involved in this third level transfer in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties. There has been relatively little movement from a lower level to an upper one. The transferred population seemed to have been satisfied with the initial transfer, not wishing to change their situation once more. Dispersed spatial pattern Rural industries may be established according to one of two patterns: concentration or dispersal. In Wuxi and Jiangyin, the spatial distribution of rural industries is toward dispersal. This has contributed to a spatially balanced development of rural urbanization. This dispersed and balanced urbanization has, in turn, made it possible for the whole region to bee an urban region. An urban region is an area in which urban features dominate. Since 1978, great socioeconomic changes have taken place in Wuxi and Jiangyin counties. Urban functions have been extended, urban landuse is emerging, and the regional landscape is undergoing a major transformation. Urbanization lagging behind industrial development Urbanization and industrialization are mutually dependent on each other. It is