【正文】 Unload之次數(shù)/頻率?搬運(yùn)設(shè)備之效能（九）縮短換線換模時(shí)間之要領(lǐng)簡介Improvement Approach 改善的手法☆ Four ( 4 ) Steps 四個(gè)步驟☆ Two ( 2 ) Categories 兩種類別☆ Four ( 4 ) Stages 四個(gè)階段4 Steps（四個(gè)步驟）☆ Preparation（準(zhǔn)備）☆ (Re)placement （更換、裝置）☆ Adjustment （調(diào)整）☆ Completion （完成、善后）Step 1 Preparation（準(zhǔn)備）＊ Drawing Up Changeover Instructions. Operations. Tools needed (jigs, dies, moulds, etc.). Fasteners needed (bolts, screws, washers, nuts, clamps, clips, etc.).＊ Storage, Maintenance and Inspection of Tools and Fasteners.＊ Gathering and Preparation of New Tools and Fasteners.Transport of Tools and Fasteners to the Process.Step 2 (Re)placement（更換、裝置）＊ Unfastening and Removal of Old Tools.＊ Placing the New Tools.＊ Centering the New Tools.Step 3 Adjustment（調(diào)整）＊ Fastening New Tools.＊ Securing the New Tools.＊ Adjustment of the New Tools.Step 4 Completion（完成、善后）＊ Transport of Old Tools.＊ Cleaning, Greasing and Oiling The Old Tools.＊ Storage of Old Tools.2 Categories（兩種類別）☆ Online Changeover（線內(nèi)更換）Changeover activities Interrupting the process.☆ Offline Changeover（線外更換）Changeover activities alongside the process.1234Online change overProducing product AProducing product B23Online Producing product AProducing product BOffline1Offline44 Stages（四個(gè)階段）Advanced Stage改進(jìn)階段Transferred Stage移轉(zhuǎn)階段Separated Stage分離階段Intermingled Stage混合階段◎ Intermingled Stage（混合階段）＊ No separation between.＊ Online and offline operations.＊ Process is stopped during total change.＊ New tools are brought in after the process has been stopped.＊ Neither tools nor fasteners are properly maintained, checked or prepared.＊ Tools and fasteners are not tidy stored.◎ Separated Stage（分離階段）＊ Online and offline operations are kept separated.＊ Process is stopped for online operations only.＊ All necessary preparations are pleted while the process is going on.＊ A checklist is available for carrying out offline work.＊ Maintenance, inspection and preparation of tools and fasteners are carried out offline.＊ A check is made whether tools and fasteners work properly.◎ Transferred Stage（移轉(zhuǎn)階段）＊ Online operations are transferred to offline as much as possible.＊ Height of dies, rams and press blocks are standardized.＊ All fasteners and spanners are standardized.＊ Standardized intermediate attachments are introduced.＊ Adjustment of machines strokes is avoided.◎ Advanced Stage（改進(jìn)階段）＊ Both online and offline operations are minimized.＊ Dimensions of all tools are standardized.＊ Handling of moulds, jigs, dies and forms is standardized.＊ Hydraulic, pneumatic or magnetic fastening is introduced.＊ Fastening and adjustment work is simplified or eliminated wherever possible.＊ Cassettes are introduced.◎ From Intermingled to Separated Stage＊ Make a clear description of all changeover operations to be executed today (see worksheet).＊ Prepare a summary list of : all tools needed (jigs, dies, moulds, etc.). all fasteners needed (bolts, screws, clips, etc.).＊ Classify all operations into: offline activities. online activities.◎ From Separated to Transferred Stage＊ Transfer operations from online to offline as much as possible.＊ The use of functional fasteners.＊ The previous installation of intermediate attachments, bolsters and fasteners.＊ Introduction of functional dial or pointer readings.Worksheet Nr. :Workstation Nr. :Changeover from toOperationTools amp。20. 操作桿位置之設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)盡可能讓作業(yè)人員少變更姿勢(shì)。12. 利用重力墜送或自動(dòng)化設(shè)備退料。04. 盡可能利用最低等級(jí)之動(dòng)作。7. 運(yùn)送是否可以簡化？1) 因變更布置減短距離。5) 因雙手交換的動(dòng)作。4) 因工具或設(shè)備的改善。4) 變更工作場(chǎng)所的布置。3) 有利時(shí)合并各動(dòng)作。等待、延遲（Delay）等待、延遲就是因區(qū)缺料、停機(jī)、人機(jī)配合不當(dāng)或工作安排不順，造成人員或機(jī)器設(shè)備之閑置、等待。婦女們個(gè)人寬放時(shí)間比較男人為多，一般多給2 %。 （三）W F（Work Factor）工作因素法之動(dòng)作單元?jiǎng)? 作 單 元符號(hào)備注運(yùn)送(Transport) 伸手、運(yùn)空(Reach、Transport Empty) 移物(Move) 抓取(Grasp)放手(Release)預(yù)對(duì)(Preposition)裝配(Assemble) 機(jī)械裝配(Mechanical Assembly) 表面裝佩(Surface Assembly)拆卸(Disassemble)程序時(shí)間(Process Time)PT Use心智過程(Mental Process) 凝視(Focus) 檢查(Inspection) 反應(yīng)、回憶、計(jì)算 (Reaction、Recall、Compute)!頭轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)(Head Turn)身體轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)(Body Turn)走動(dòng)(Walk)HTBTWalk持住(Hold)休息、閑置(Rest、Idle)n影響動(dòng)作之工作因素(Work Factor)丟棄用過之棉花棒投擲鐵塊在輸送機(jī)上推動(dòng)重物箱基本動(dòng)作：無WF重量：W阻力：W伸手至香煙盒穿針動(dòng)作伸手至破玻璃杯口定點(diǎn)停頓：D定點(diǎn)停頓+引導(dǎo)：D+S點(diǎn)停頓+謹(jǐn)慎：D+P將積木放置在頂端搬料箱至工作臺(tái)上繞過障礙物之移物定點(diǎn)停頓+引導(dǎo)+謹(jǐn)慎：D+S+P定點(diǎn)停頓+重量：D+W定點(diǎn)停頓+改變方向：D+C四、疲勞或休息寬放（Fatigue or Rest Allowance）之訂定（一）休息寬放時(shí)間定義休息寬放時(shí)間亦稱松弛寬放時(shí)間或疲勞寬放時(shí)間，通常以正常時(shí)間之百分?jǐn)?shù)表示之。10. 眼睛移動(dòng)及注視（Eye Travel amp。＊ 裝配對(duì)象之難易度。5. 抓?。℅rasp）＊ 物體擺放之形式。＊ 移動(dòng)之距離。 (目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量)單位工時(shí)HPU =(瓶頸站工時(shí)NST) 180。 minutes）。 cost Prevention?Organizational efficiency improvement?Value innovationAims?Maintaining efficiency?Improving efficiency?Improving effectiveness amp。 strengthening links with strategiesTools/Means?Analysis amp。 ? 受激勵(lì)速度75單位（Motivated speed/tempo 60 E） 系指一個(gè)作業(yè)人員依照下圖之方式執(zhí)行其工作也就是說在一小時(shí)（鐘表時(shí)間）內(nèi)其總工作內(nèi)容（Work Content）或工作量為75分鐘（包括操作時(shí)間和休息疲勞寬放時(shí)間）， 此時(shí)其效率（Efficiency）為125%（亦即75M’s 247。 (作業(yè)人數(shù))單位工時(shí)HPU =(每日可用工時(shí)475分) 180。2. 移物（Move）＊ 影響「移物」時(shí)間的因素：＊ 移物至目的地所需要的控制程序。＊ 物體之尺寸大小。8. 拆卸（Disengage）＊ 對(duì)象之松緊程度。 Eye Focus）＊ 視線移動(dòng)之距離。換言之，休息寬放時(shí)間乃是以正常時(shí)間增加若干百分?jǐn)?shù)，希望工人在某種情況之下，做某種操作所用之精力，能有恢復(fù)其生理及心理上所發(fā)生疲勞的效果。2. 變動(dòng)寬放時(shí)間變動(dòng)寬放時(shí)間視各個(gè)單元情況不問而變化五、工業(yè)工程之常用工具（一）操作程序分析（Operation Process Chart Analysis）＊ 操作或作業(yè)程序表（Operation Process Chart）或稱為簡要程序表（Outline Process Chart）＊ 分析之項(xiàng)目與符號(hào)項(xiàng) 目符號(hào)說 明操作、作業(yè)（Operation）操作、作業(yè)就是將原料、材料、零件或半成品施予物理或化學(xué)之變化。3. 流動(dòng)程序表（Flow Process Chart）或稱為程序表（Process Chart）、流程表（Flow Chart）、程序分析（Process Analysis）或人員分析（Person Analysis）。4) 盡可能簡化各動(dòng)作。5) 合并所用工具。5) 因完成品的自動(dòng)墮送。6. 有無任何動(dòng)作可以簡化？1) 因用較好工具。2) 因變更方向。05. 盡可能利用物體之動(dòng)量。13. 適當(dāng)之照明、通風(fēng)、溫度、相對(duì)濕度