【正文】 5, Microorganism in the mining industry.微生物肥料，又稱生物肥料，是利用微生物的生命活動(dòng)及其代謝產(chǎn)物的作用，改善作物養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)，向農(nóng)作物提供營養(yǎng)元素、生長(zhǎng)物質(zhì)，調(diào)控生長(zhǎng)，提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)，提高土壤肥力的肥料。 1, Microorganism as fertilizer。 典型的Ig分子是由一長(zhǎng)一短的兩對(duì)多肽鏈對(duì)稱排列而成的一個(gè)Y形分子。 細(xì)胞免疫：機(jī)體在抗原刺激下，一類小淋巴細(xì)胞（依賴胸腺的T細(xì)胞）發(fā)生增殖、分化，進(jìn)而直接攻擊靶細(xì)胞或間接地釋放一些淋巴因子的免疫作用。 干擾素的功能： A, 抑制病毒在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的增殖； B, 具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用； C，對(duì)癌細(xì)胞的殺傷作用。Immunity(免疫): 機(jī)體識(shí)別和排除抗原性異物的一種保護(hù)性功能。根土比（R/S ratio）：根圈中微生物數(shù)量同相應(yīng)的無根系影響的土壤中微生物數(shù)量之比，是反映根圈效應(yīng)的重要指標(biāo)。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)：爭(zhēng)奪養(yǎng)料或雙方均需要的其他生活條件。轉(zhuǎn)化（transformation)： 受體菌直接吸收供體菌的DNA片段而獲得后者部分遺傳性狀的現(xiàn)象。C before hardening and will not melt again until the temperature rises to about 80 to 90176。5, Release. onestep growth curve（一步生長(zhǎng)曲線）：定量描述毒性噬菌體生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律的實(shí)驗(yàn)曲線，該曲線反映3個(gè)重要的特性參數(shù)，即潛伏期、裂解期、裂解量.一步生長(zhǎng)曲線可分為三個(gè)時(shí)期：①潛伏期是指菌體的核酸侵入宿主細(xì)胞后至第一個(gè)噬菌體粒子裝配前的一段時(shí)間。 enveloped virus (nucleic acid, capsid and envelope).Viral capsids have three different forms: helical symmetry, icosahedral symmetry and plex symmetry.噬菌體（phage)：侵染細(xì)菌的微生物病毒。 (1) Chytridiomycota（壺菌亞門，低等真菌） 223。The systemic taxa of mocroorganisms follow the systemic taxa built by Linnaeus，including seven grades from top to bottom: Kingdom224。再經(jīng)番紅等紅色染料復(fù)染時(shí)，就使G菌呈現(xiàn)紅色，而G+菌仍保留紫色或紫紅色。IntroductionMicrobes are a diverse group of organisms that can be divided into the viruses, unicellular groups (Archaea, Eubacteria, protista, some fungi and some chlorophyta) and a small number of organisms with a simple multicellular structure (the large fungi and chlorophyta).Microbiology: the science (logos) of small (micro) life (bios). The study of living things so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.The threedomain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea).Microorganisms were first visualized by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), a Dutch cloth merchant and an expert lens grinder.The first proof of the involvement of bacteria in disease and the definitive proof of the germ theory of disease came from the German Robert Koch.Koch’s postulates:1, The microorganism must be present in every instance of the disease and absent from healthy individuals.2, The microorganism must be capable of being isolated and grown in pure culture.3 ,When the microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host, the same disease condition must result.4, The same microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host.Chapter oneFungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.Viruses are noncellular organisms。圖示革蘭氏陽性菌和革蘭氏陰性菌細(xì)胞壁結(jié)構(gòu)。Phylum224。 Plants utilize CO2 as a carbon source, fungi do not. One of the features that caused taxonomists finally to remove fungi from the plant kingdom was the distinctive chemical nature of the fungal cell wall. Whereas plant and algal cells have walls posed of cellulose, the cell wall of fungi is made up principally of chitin.Fungi（真菌的概念）：This term fungus indicates those organisms that have true nucleus, produce spores by asexual or sexual reproduction, absorb the nourishment material, have no chloroplast. Members of fungi include yeast, mold and mushroom.Major characters of fungi :① With a real nucleus。 (2) Zygomycota （接合菌亞門，低等真菌） 烈性噬菌體（virulent phages ）：病毒感染宿主細(xì)胞，能在宿主細(xì)胞內(nèi)增殖，產(chǎn)生大量子代噬菌體并引起宿主細(xì)胞裂解的一類噬菌體稱為烈性噬菌體，又稱為毒性噬菌體。 Eclipse period：it is the period from the virus penetrating host cell to the releasing of virion .②裂解期是指溶液中噬菌體粒子急劇增多的一段時(shí)間。C. Agar is also an excellent hardening agent because most microorganisms cannot degrade it.Types of Media：general purpose media；enriched (加富）media；Selective media；Differential media.Differential media (鑒別培養(yǎng)基)：Differential media are media that distinguish between different groups of bacteria and even permit tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics.Enriched (加富）media ：Blood and other special nutrients may be added to general purpose media to encourage the growth of fastidious heterotrophs. These specially fortified media (., blood agar) are called enriched (加富）media.Pure culture: a population of cells arising from a single cell.Pure cultures are so important that the development of pure culture techniques by the German bacteriologist Robert Koch transformed microbiology.The Growth Curve: When microorganisms are cultivated in liquid medium