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本講小結(jié)(要點) ? 風險管理策略 –風險管理方法是與風險管理策略相適應(yīng)的。 ? 之前有媒體報道稱:“這并非招行第一次發(fā)生這樣的故障。 John C. Hull, 2022, Risk Management and Financial Institutions, Pearson. ( 中文版 p11,機械工業(yè)出版社, 2022) ? 風險分解( risk deposition)策略 –對每一種風險進行識別,然后對各種風險單獨進行管理( 將風險一一分解,并針對單一風險進行管理 )。 《 中央企業(yè)全面風險管理指引 》 第四章 風險管理策略 ? 第二十六條 本指引所稱風險管理策略,指企業(yè)根據(jù)自身條件和外部環(huán)境,圍繞企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略, 確定風險偏好、風險承受度、風險管理有效性標準 , 選擇 風險承擔、風險規(guī)避、風險轉(zhuǎn)移、風險轉(zhuǎn)換、風險對沖、風險補償、風險控制 等適合的 風險管理工具 的總體策略 ,并確定風險管理所需人力和財力資源的配置原則。這一特性說明,風險管理策略應(yīng)該是具有協(xié)調(diào)性的。 ? 相應(yīng)的方法主要是改變企業(yè)經(jīng)營杠桿和 財務(wù)杠桿 。 P75~ 152) Noninsurance methods ? Risk avoidance ? Loss control ? Risk retention ? Risk transfer Loss control ? Focus of loss control – Loss frequency reduction – Severity reduction ? Timing of loss control – Preloss activities – Concurred loss control – Postloss activities Risk retention ? Planned versus unplanned retention ? Funded versus unfunded retention ? Decisions regarding retention Planned versus unplanned retention ? Planned retention – Recognized risk ? Unplanned retention – Not recognize risk existed – Unwittingly believe that no loss could occur – Sometimes even when the existence of risk is acknowledged Funded versus unfunded retention ? Funded retention – Making various preloss arrangements to ensure that money is readily available to pay for losses that occur – Four types of funded retention possibilities ? The use of credit ? The establishment of a reserve fund ? Selfinsurance ? Captive insurers ? Unfunded retention – Some level of shoplifting losses is often viewed as part of the overall cost of doing business Decisions regarding retention ? Financial resources – The balance sheet – The ine sheet – The financial ratio ? Ability of predict losses ? Feasibility of the retention program Risk transfer ? Holdharmless agreements – Limited form – Intermediate form – Broad form ? Incorporation ? Diversification ? Hedging Social and economic values and costs of insurance ? Social and economic values – Reduced reserve requirements – Capital freed for investment – Reduce cost of capital – Loss control or loss prevention activities – Business or social stability ? Social costs – Operating the insurance business – Losses that are intentionally caused – Losses that are exaggerated 附錄: 應(yīng)對風險的方法 ? 喬治 于是天河區(qū)組織人員將“軟猬甲”往上延伸了有 10米左右,這樣就可以將第一條高度較低的垂直鋼纜也覆蓋。 禁止公款買煙還需專門規(guī)定? 《 新快報 》 20220506, A02它是指通過降低風險因素的水平、改變其分布或企業(yè)對風險因素的敏感性,來調(diào)整可能引起潛在損失的經(jīng)營環(huán)境。 – 為降低損失的可能性或嚴重性而采取的行動,可以在損失發(fā)生之前、之中、之后采取。 預(yù)防并控制(損失) ? 預(yù)防并控制(損失) : 積極的風險管理方法 –風險控制 ( Risk control) 是指采取各種可行的措施,最大限度地降低風險事故發(fā)生的概率 /頻率( frequency)和減少風險帶來的損失幅度( severity)。 ―風險轉(zhuǎn)移”小結(jié)( 2): 財務(wù)型風險轉(zhuǎn)移 ? 風險融資( Risk Financing) 是指以固定的費用(如保費)將損失轉(zhuǎn)移到企外部, 或者 進行 財務(wù)重組( Financial