【正文】 除非被完全克服，不然它們將無所不在。 為了獲取最大的利潤，就有必要與所有感興趣投標的集團進行最廣泛的交流。這也使得手持一份三年的合同的工人在別人沒有工作的時候總顯得惹人眼紅。因為那意味著更多的就業(yè)崗位 。 如此 一來，問題所在便清晰可見：在建筑行業(yè)中試圖保障就業(yè)率非常重要。不 愿被整合進聚居區(qū)的居民獨自忍受著痛苦。結果就是，或者這些地區(qū)的新房用最低的成本建造低質房，使得該住房方案不受歡迎和飽受質疑；或者原有的居民必須搬出原有的家，擠進條件糟糕的房子，并且作為新區(qū)域的“少數(shù)派”而遭受冷眼對待。一般說來，會有額外的工作崗位空缺時，并不補充人員。 這些包括： 正式或非正式地限制工作時間，以防“因為工作把自己弄得殫精竭力”。此現(xiàn)象對于住房市場中因種族問題而被歧視的人群尤為嚴重。 provided for elimination of some railway jobs but protection of jobs of existing employees. The additional positions when vacant were,in general, simply not to be an approach could be considered because railroads are strongly stable institutions with identifiable employees who have built up seniority with particular carriers. Present Methods Lacking The vital and legitimate interest of building trades employees and their unions in job protection is of inescapable importance in considering how to promote high quality lowrent housing. But the consequences of our present methods of promoting job security in the building industry have serious implications which are likely to endanger constructive progress in housing and perhaps in the end to endanger job security preventing the use of laborsaving technology, present methods raise building costs. This tends to make it impossible to build decent housing at low or even moderate rents. Hence the rebuilding of dilapidated areas of our cities bees most difficult unless the rebuilt housing is to be inaccessible to former residents of the area because of its high cost. The result is either that new housing for such areas is built at minimum rockbottom cost and is deemed undesirable, giving a bad name to housing programs, or that former resident must be ousted from their homes and crowded into worse housing, new decent housing being unavailable due to its cost as well as to racial discrimination where the residents are members of minority groups. The wider ramifications of the blockage of new decent housing at low rents are plain. Former residents of rebuilt areas, often confined within a ghetto by discriminatory realty markets, must take the best housing offered. As soon as an area bees integrated and open to minority occupancy, the pressure of desperate need for decent housing tends to bring about its resegregation as part of the ghetto— because of the shortage of new housing at rents within the residents39。s minds throughout the world. The vital character of each of these interests is clear. The importance of job security to employees hardly needs underlining. And one of the primary purposes of trade unionism has always been to promote job protection. This function is particularly crucial in the building industry because of seasonal and other changes in construction activity and the absence of any single longterm employer for the particular in widely differing industries have reacted to the threat posed by job insecurity in a variety of ways,including: Formal and informal restrictios on the amount of work an employee may do in order that the employees do not work themselves out of a job, a danger which can affect the livelihood of each member of the group。 Efforts to pensate for periods of lack of availability of work, including seasonal slack periods, by ob taining high hourly wage rates for work performed. Government Action Unsuccessful Governmental action has been attempted from time to time to break up