【正文】 陰極防護(hù)法、氯鹽提取法、堿性復(fù) 原法是化學(xué)防護(hù)法中常用而有效的三種方法。常用的膠結(jié)材料有水泥漿、環(huán)氧樹脂、甲基丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯等化學(xué)材料。三是混凝土澆注要振搗密實(shí)。 混凝土拌和后會產(chǎn)生一些堿性離子，這些離子與某些活性骨料產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)并吸收周圍環(huán)境中的水而體積增大，造成混凝土酥松、膨脹開裂。九是在大體積混凝土內(nèi)部設(shè)置冷卻管道，通冷水或者冷氣冷卻，減小混凝土的內(nèi)外溫差。 主要預(yù)防措施：一是盡量選用低熱或中熱水泥，如礦渣水泥、粉煤灰水泥等。混凝土澆筑后，在硬化過程中，水泥水化產(chǎn)生大量的水化熱，（當(dāng)水泥用量在 350550 kg/m3，每立方米混凝土將釋放出 1750027500kJ的熱量，從而使混凝土內(nèi)部溫度升達(dá) 70℃左右甚至更高）。裂縫寬度受溫度變化的影響較小。二是嚴(yán)格控制水灰比，摻加高效減水劑來增加混凝土的坍落度和和易性，減少水泥及水的用量。四是加強(qiáng)混凝土的早期養(yǎng)護(hù)，并適當(dāng)延長混凝土的養(yǎng)護(hù)時(shí)間。干縮裂縫的產(chǎn)生主要是由于混凝土內(nèi)外水分蒸發(fā)程度不同而導(dǎo)致變形不同的結(jié)果：混凝土受外部條件的影響，表面水分損失過快，變形較大，內(nèi)部濕度變化較小變形較小，較大的表面干縮變形受到混凝土內(nèi)部約束，產(chǎn)生較大拉應(yīng)力而產(chǎn)生裂縫。很多工程的失事都是由于裂縫的不穩(wěn)定發(fā)展所致。t have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure. 1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method Infuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of in mon use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material. The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in mon use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of in mon use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.。Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 176。t appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus. Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack。Have outside carry the crack that the function cause。s45 176。In mon use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup. 2, the structure reinforce a method When the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure reinforce medium in mon use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to 建筑施工混凝土裂縫的預(yù)防與處理 –9– reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete co mpensation reinforce. 3, concrete displacement method Concrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other in mon use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup. 4, the electricity chemistry protection method The electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of protection method, chlorine salt39。近代科學(xué)研究和大量的混凝土工程實(shí)踐證明，在混凝土工程中裂縫問題是不可避免的，在一定的范圍內(nèi)也是可以接受的，只是要采取有效的措施將其危害程度控制在一定的范圍之內(nèi)。相對濕度越低，水泥漿體干縮越大，干縮裂縫越易產(chǎn)生。冬季施工時(shí)要適當(dāng)延長混凝土保溫覆蓋時(shí)間，并涂刷養(yǎng)護(hù)劑養(yǎng)護(hù)。三是澆筑混凝土之前，將基層和模板澆水均勻濕透。地基變形穩(wěn)定之后，沉陷裂縫也基本趨于穩(wěn)定。由于混凝土的體積較大，大量的水化熱聚積在混凝土內(nèi)部而不易散發(fā)，導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部溫度急劇上升，而混凝土表面散熱較快，這樣就形成內(nèi)外的較大溫差，較大的溫差造成內(nèi)部與外部熱脹冷縮的程度不同，使混凝土表面產(chǎn)生一定的拉應(yīng)力。二 是減少水泥用量，將水泥用量盡量控制在 450kg/m3以下。十是加強(qiáng)混凝土溫度的監(jiān)控，及時(shí)采取冷卻、保護(hù)措施。這種裂縫一般出現(xiàn)中混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)使用期間，一旦出現(xiàn)很難補(bǔ)救，因此應(yīng)在施工中采取有效措施進(jìn)行預(yù)防。四是鋼筋表層涂刷防腐涂料。 嵌縫法是裂縫封堵中最常用的一種方法，它通常是沿裂縫鑿槽，在槽中嵌填塑性或剛性止水材料，以達(dá)到封閉裂縫的目的。這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是防護(hù)方法受環(huán)境建筑施工混凝土裂縫的預(yù)防與處理 –16– 因素的影響較小，適用鋼筋、混凝土的長期防腐，既可用于已裂結(jié)構(gòu)也可用于新建結(jié)構(gòu)。 電化學(xué)防護(hù)法 電化學(xué)防腐是利用施加電場在介質(zhì)中的電化學(xué)作用，改變混凝土或鋼筋混凝土所處的環(huán)境狀態(tài)，鈍化鋼筋，以達(dá)到防腐的目的。 灌漿、嵌縫封堵法 灌漿法主要適用于對結(jié)構(gòu)整體性有影響或有防滲要求的混 凝土裂縫的修補(bǔ)，它是利用壓力設(shè)備將膠結(jié)材料壓入混凝土的裂縫中，膠結(jié)材料硬化后與混凝土形成一個(gè)整體，從而起到封堵加固的目的。二是混凝土級配要良好。 堿骨料反應(yīng)裂縫和鋼筋銹蝕引起的裂縫是鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見的由于化學(xué)反應(yīng)而引起的裂縫。八是大體積混凝土的溫度應(yīng)力與結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸相關(guān)，混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸越大，溫度應(yīng)力越大，因此要合理安排施工工序，分層、分塊澆筑，以利于散熱，減小約束。此種裂縫的出現(xiàn)會引起鋼筋的銹蝕，混凝土的碳化，降低混凝土的抗凍融、抗疲勞及抗?jié)B能力等。 溫度裂縫多發(fā)生在大體積混凝土表面或溫差變化較大地區(qū)的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中。角方向發(fā)展，較大的沉陷裂縫，往往有一定的錯(cuò)位，裂縫寬度往往與沉降量成正比關(guān)系。 主要預(yù)防措施：一是選用干縮值較小早期強(qiáng)度較高的硅酸鹽或普通硅酸鹽水泥。三是嚴(yán)格控制混凝土攪拌和施工中的配合比，混凝土的用水量絕對不能大于配合比設(shè)計(jì)所給定的用水 量。水泥漿中水分的蒸發(fā)會產(chǎn)生干縮，且這種收縮是不可逆的。 混凝土建筑和構(gòu)件通常都是帶縫工作的，由于裂縫的存在和發(fā)展通常會使內(nèi)部的鋼筋等材料產(chǎn)生腐蝕，降低鋼筋混凝土材料的承載能力、耐久性及抗?jié)B能力，影響建筑物的外觀、使用壽命，嚴(yán)重者將會威脅到人們的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。s anticipating the crack that reac