【正文】 reconstruction A Cultural Analysis of Organization ? Focusing on Symbols amp。 provide explanations amp。 confronts the possibility that reality amp。A:historically,the key factors in making Mamp。 ? Time orientationpast,present,future。 innovators ? fortress:preoccupied with survival. Fell on hard times amp。 What is Organization Culture 1. Instituationalization:A forerunner ? When an anization takes on a life of its own,apart from any of its members,amp。 intellectual stimulation,amp。 GD Geographical Dispersion。 CR Commitment R。 is likely to be viewed as redundant by skilled subordinates. Supportive results in high performance amp。 that relationship is relatively stable over time。 selling(highhigh) R2。 the intellectual ability correlate with performance in nonstressful situations amp。 situation:favorable I,II,iii,Vii,Viii。1,9 country club style 4. Scandinavian studies Finland amp。 turnover amp。 integrity, selfconfidence, intelligence,jobrelated knowledge ? isolating traits resulted in dead ends,4 reason: overlooks the needs of followers。nor,for that matter,are all managers leaders Difference between management amp。 leadership ? attitudes towards goals: Managers tend to adopt impersonal,leaders take a personal amp。fails to clarify the relative importance。 lower levels of job satisfaction for workers performing routine tasks. ? consideration: have job relationships characterized by mutual trust,respect for subordinates’ ideas,amp。 Sweden ? Basic premise:in changing world,effective leaders would exhibit developmentoriented behavior ? 3rd separate dimension: values experimentation,seeking new ideas,amp。 change the leader to fit the situation。 Blanchard’s situational theory ? A contingency theory focusing on follower’s readiness ? readiness: the extent to which people have the ability amp。participating(lowhigh) R3。 similar personal characteristics ? generally supportive 4. Pathgoal theory by Robert House ? The term pathgoal is derived from the belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get the achievement of their work goals easily ? the theory that a leader’s behavior is acceptable to subordinate insofar as they view it as a source of either immediate or future satisfaction ? 4 leadership behaviors: directive leadertask。 satisfaction for structured tasks。 LI Leader Information。 MT MotivationTime。 who pocess charisma ? Transformational leader get high appraisal，strongly related to lower rates of absenteeism, high productivity, high job satisfaction 167。 acquires immortalitythe notion nearly 50 years ago ? existing beyond the life of any of one member, going beyond it’s original mission ? Structure:20 years ago, anization was view as rational means by which to coordinate amp。 seeking to reverse it’s sagging fortunes ? can’t be neatly categorized into one because they have a blend of or are in transition. Personalityculture match 4. Subculture ? All sorts of ideologies shared by a few, many, all Organizational members ? Dominant culture:expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the members. Macro view giving an ’s distinction personality,uniform interpretation of the appropriate behavior ? core values:the primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the anization ? Subculture:minicultures within an ,typically defined by department designations amp。 ? Nature of humandominant motive:good,evil,mixed。A decisions were financial advantages or product synergy。 expectations may diverge. The most critical metamorphosis:the stage in which a new employee adjusts to his work group’s values amp。 legitimacy for current practices. ? Rituals:repetitive sequences of activities that express amp。 Meaning ? Identifying Various Form of Social Control ? Recognizing Subcultures ? Diagnosin