【正文】 幾家外商獨(dú)資和合資的研發(fā)中心被建立。并且，也許，從其他國(guó)家引進(jìn)技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力的重要性，在最近幾年中被一些國(guó)家所引起重視。由于近一半的研發(fā)開(kāi)支所招致的論文行業(yè)，政府一直關(guān)注加強(qiáng)從這些投資附帶，以及鼓勵(lì)技 術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓之間以及中心和更廣泛的行業(yè)之間這些研究的中心。 世貿(mào)組織成立了一個(gè)連續(xù)談判協(xié)調(diào)成員的不同和往往相互沖突的利益的一個(gè)論壇。在過(guò)去的幾十年，基于 IT 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本卻有較大的增長(zhǎng)。作為一種手段的兩性平等觀點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)烈要求去著手進(jìn)行研發(fā)和創(chuàng)新，以及在商業(yè)導(dǎo)向下的工業(yè)研究的增加，使得缺乏獨(dú)立自主的實(shí)體企業(yè)減少對(duì)公共資助的依賴。其他的已經(jīng)擴(kuò)大了他們的業(yè)務(wù)，并且雇傭了許多的印度科學(xué)家和技術(shù)人員，在信息和電腦技術(shù)方面表現(xiàn)的更加明顯，因此，這些中心進(jìn)行著全球化的研發(fā)活動(dòng)。部分的改革成為繁榮科學(xué)和技術(shù)的策略，使之更加適合去實(shí)現(xiàn)建設(shè)一個(gè)富強(qiáng)國(guó)家的目標(biāo)。任何國(guó)家的科學(xué)和 技術(shù)政策都會(huì)在整體工業(yè)政策的背景中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。結(jié)果表示，印度在科技創(chuàng)新方面取得了一定的成就，以及在不恰當(dāng)?shù)恼呦?，如何影響印度的?chuàng)新體系的發(fā)展。D and to innovate and (b) an increase in the mercial orientation of industrial research, with a view to making these bodies less dependent on public budgetary support. FDI Spillover’s and Technological Capability Liberalization policies and the response by both foreign and Indian panies alike have had many spillovers that are valuable for India’s technological capability. The growth of the software industry has had wideranging impact on the economy. The demand for software imports and the setting up of foreign development centers have contributed to the rapid increase in pensation levels, estimated at an annual rate of 25% in the second half of the 1990s. Other benefits have included stock options and good employment opportunities, thereby slowing brain drain to some extent. Foreign participation has exposed Indian engineers and scientists to new technologies and made them more sensitive to the protection of intellectual property (software IP piracy was estimated to have risen from 59% to 61% between 1999 and 2020 ( Krishnan, 2020). Another factor has been the sharp increase in the output of degree and diploma awarding institutions. The number of institutions offering formal degreelevel education in engineering more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, from 339 to 776. Student intake capacity also doubled with 80% rise in the science/engineering places. Although venture capital organizations started to emerge in India in 1986, the growth of technologybased ventures did not catch up. In the last decade, however, there has been a substantial rise in ITbased venture capital. Nigam (2020) records that venture capital investments reached $350 million in 2020, as against a figure of less than $5 million in 1995. A large chunk of this amount (70%) was directed into the IT sector. Many new venture capital firms are being set up, either by Indianbased industrialists and young professionals or by Indians based overseas. Although recent studies (Chandrasekhar and Basavarajappa, 2020。D centers set up in India by some MNEs conduct contract research for the corporate laboratories outside India. Prior to 1991, the establishment of such Ramp。 Science and Technology policy of any nation is carved within the background of overall industrial policy. If anything, Samp。T policy is supposed not only to give meaning to, but more importantly, to ensure achievement of the goals of industrial policy. It is therefore the thrust and direction of industrial policy that determines the tes of any Samp。D centers by MNEs was consciously lacking. Since India signed the GATT Agreement in 1993 and subsequently passed the Intellectual Property law in 1994, over 60 MNEs have set up Ramp。 Mehta and Sama, 2020) show that there has been little change in Ramp。該文章最后總結(jié)了歐盟地區(qū)國(guó)家科技發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)。不 管怎樣，科技政策都 應(yīng)該不僅僅是被給出來(lái)， 但更重要的是，以確保各項(xiàng)工業(yè)政策目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 三、對(duì)改革的反應(yīng)或影響 全球研發(fā)中心 Hirwani 和 Janin (1999 年 ) 顯示雖然在 1990 年代的大部分以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的活動(dòng)，更重要的是多國(guó)企業(yè)，技術(shù)導(dǎo)向型活動(dòng)也變得日益重要。高素質(zhì)的勞動(dòng)力成為了公司建立這些研發(fā)中心的激勵(lì)因素，例如阿斯特拉，聯(lián)合利華，通用電氣以及德州儀器軟件開(kāi)發(fā)中心，甲骨文，微軟公司以及其他的公司，在制藥和生物研制方面，大量的研發(fā)中心被建立起來(lái)。 外國(guó)直接投資技術(shù)溢出和技術(shù)容量 自由化政策，以及外國(guó)和印度公司的反應(yīng)有著許多技術(shù)溢出效應(yīng)，這些技術(shù)溢出效應(yīng)，對(duì)印度的技術(shù)接受能力有著相當(dāng)大的價(jià)值。在 2020年，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本投資達(dá)到了 350000000 美元。盡管有一個(gè)自由貿(mào)易可以鞏固全球福利的一致的國(guó)