【正文】 際貿(mào)易規(guī)定，但是民族主義和不同目標，以及在國際貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)中的由于貿(mào)易所導致的利益分配，導致了許多的分歧和沖突。印度也可以說是真正 的 科學精通 多年。發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟增長，近似的需要依靠更加有效的利用資源，以及穩(wěn)固 的創(chuàng)新。鼓勵印度的組織和機構(gòu)更多面向商業(yè)和向外看。同時，許 多的跨國公司通過 FDI 和技術(shù)投資進入印度市場。發(fā)達國家不斷的增加勞動培訓，鞏固經(jīng)濟的增長，需要穩(wěn)固的創(chuàng)新增長率。在許多年以后，印度也可以稱之為真正的精通科學技術(shù)。由世貿(mào)組織旨在實現(xiàn)有序、 透明和可預測性在通過削減關稅、 非關稅貿(mào)易壁壘的逐步取消 、 消除扭曲貿(mào)易的措施在全球貿(mào)易中的多邊貿(mào)易體制和國家立法，使有關的法律和地方法規(guī)的統(tǒng)一準則作為值的系統(tǒng)。 雖然風險 投資機構(gòu)開始在 1986 年出現(xiàn)在印度于，但是基于技術(shù)的風險者并沒有趕上來。兩個最近的政策的主旨在于，在歐洲和美國對尋求專利的增 加。一些公司完全重組其在印度的研發(fā)中心，他們的注意力從為印度市場發(fā)展產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)移到讓他們的研發(fā)中心變得全球卓越化。當認識到在 1990 年間 大多 數(shù)的后獨立的國家追求自給自足的經(jīng)濟政策是一個錯誤之后，印度開始著手大規(guī)模的改革，作為一種加速經(jīng)濟增長，進行最快的整合來融入到世界經(jīng)濟之中去的方法。本節(jié)介紹 了 自獨立以來印度 的 科學和技術(shù)政策的演變。D centers have been established. Indian organizations and institutions have been encouraged to bee more mercialorientated and outward looking. Other measures have included direct intervention in forging links between industry and universities and among firms, strengthening of existing infrastructure and the creation of new institutions that may have important ingredients in the innovation chain. 譯 文 : 新科學和技術(shù)以及創(chuàng)新在印度的發(fā)展 摘 要 本文回顧了印度的相關科學和技術(shù)的政策，以及這些政策在過去的一些時期內(nèi)如何影響印度的科技能力。D. Two recent major policy thrusts have been (a) an increase in the quest for patenting in Europe and the USA, as a means of engendering a strong desire to undertake Ramp。D Centers Hirwani and Jain (1999) have shown that although marketoriented activities were more important to MNEs in most of the 1990s, technology oriented activities are growing in importance. Hitherto, MNEs had been emphasizing a strategy of customizing products for the Indian market and of obtaining costefficient manufacturing facilities in India. Increasingly, however, there has been a clear move towards obtaining access to high quality scientists, engineers and designers in India. Some Ramp。D policies in the early phases of their development. Science and Technology policy constitutes an integral part of a nation’s overall industrial policy (Barber and White, 1987). While the former shapes the pace and direction of technology development, the latter determines the nature of demand. This section reviews the evolution of Science and Technology policy in India since independence。T policy, although it must be said that Ramp。D centers in technology intensive industries, mostly to take advantage of the strong pool of highlytrained engineers and scientists. Before 1991, there were only two such centers in the country. Apart from the setting up of new centers in India to take advantage of the liberalized atmosphere, the raison d’234。D intensity of Indian industry, there has been a clear shift toward increased product development and innovation (Krishnan and Prabha, 1999). This has been acpanied by increased awareness of intellectual property (IP) rights and, by implication, the importance of patenting. According to the US Patent Office, of the ten Indiabased organizations which filed the largest number of US patents in the 19952020 period, three are Indian pharmaceutical panies. The CSIR has also been filing patents in India and the US, all this result of new outwardlooking policies. 4. Science and Technology Policy in Relation to the Multilateral System India is a founder member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which came into effect on January 1 1995, after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. India39。 二、印度科學技術(shù)政策的趨勢 印度的科學和技術(shù)政策趨勢 人們早已認識到對科學和技術(shù)方面 的投資，在一個經(jīng)濟體的全部的生產(chǎn)要素有較高的增長率的條件下，對經(jīng)濟的增長會產(chǎn)生巨大的貢獻。因此工業(yè)政策的推力 以及方向的確定，決定了任何科學 和技術(shù)政策的規(guī)定。到目前為止，多國企業(yè)已強調(diào)了一種針對印度市場和獲得成本高效的生產(chǎn)設施的自定義 產(chǎn)品的戰(zhàn)略。 公 共研究組織的商業(yè)定位 印度已經(jīng)有了較強