【正文】 r to 1991, the establishment of such Ramp。D centers in India, shifting the focus from developing products for Indian markets to making them centers of global excellence. Others have expanded their. operations and hired many Indian scientists and technologists. This is more evident in the areas of information and puter technology. Such centers conduct Ramp。D and to innovate and (b) an increase in the mercial orientation of industrial research, with a view to making these bodies less dependent on public budgetary support. FDI Spillover’s and Technological Capability Liberalization policies and the response by both foreign and Indian panies alike have had many spillovers that are valuable for India’s technological capability. The growth of the software industry has had wideranging impact on the economy. The demand for software imports and the setting up of foreign development centers have contributed to the rapid increase in pensation levels, estimated at an annual rate of 25% in the second half of the 1990s. Other benefits have included stock options and good employment opportunities, thereby slowing brain drain to some extent. Foreign participation has exposed Indian engineers and scientists to new technologies and made them more sensitive to the protection of intellectual property (software IP piracy was estimated to have risen from 59% to 61% between 1999 and 2020 ( Krishnan, 2020). Another factor has been the sharp increase in the output of degree and diploma awarding institutions. The number of institutions offering formal degreelevel education in engineering more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, from 339 to 776. Student intake capacity also doubled with 80% rise in the science/engineering places. Although venture capital organizations started to emerge in India in 1986, the growth of technologybased ventures did not catch up. In the last decade, however, there has been a substantial rise in ITbased venture capital. Nigam (2020) records that venture capital investments reached $350 million in 2020, as against a figure of less than $5 million in 1995. A large chunk of this amount (70%) was directed into the IT sector. Many new venture capital firms are being set up, either by Indianbased industrialists and young professionals or by Indians based overseas. Although recent studies (Chandrasekhar and Basavarajappa, 2020。D spending is incurred in theses sectors, the Government has been concerned to enhance the spinoffs from these investments as well as encourage technology transfers between these research centers and between the centers and the wider industry. India can also be described as truly scientificallyproficient in many other years. 6. Summary and Implications for EUwide Samp。結(jié)果表示，印度在科技創(chuàng)新方面取得了一定的成就，以及在不恰當?shù)恼呦?，如何影響印度的?chuàng)新體系的發(fā)展。考慮到科學技術(shù)在發(fā)展中的重要性，發(fā)達國家很自然的持續(xù)地進行著科學和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，而大多數(shù)的發(fā)展中國家在他們發(fā)展的早期階段則采取研發(fā)的策略。任何國家的科學和 技術(shù)政策都會在整體工業(yè)政策的背景中體現(xiàn)出來。因此，科學和技術(shù)幾乎一直都被工業(yè)發(fā)展政策的目標所驅(qū)趕著向前發(fā)展。部分的改革成為繁榮科學和技術(shù)的策略，使之更加適合去實現(xiàn)建設(shè)一個富強國家的目標。由跨國公司在印度以外建立的一些研發(fā)中心與印度進行簽訂合同的研究。其他的已經(jīng)擴大了他們的業(yè)務(wù)，并且雇傭了許多的印度科學家和技術(shù)人員，在信息和電腦技術(shù)方面表現(xiàn)的更加明顯，因此，這些中心進行著全球化的研發(fā)活動。在這種被保護的環(huán)境下，也沒有必要去對全球玩家的行為設(shè)置相關(guān)的基準。作為一種手段的兩性平等觀點，強烈要求去著手進行研發(fā)和創(chuàng)新，以及在商業(yè)導向下的工業(yè)研究的增加，使得缺乏獨立自主的實體企業(yè)減少對公共資助的依賴。其他的獲益包括股票期權(quán)和較好的就業(yè)機會從而在某種程度上減緩了人才的外流。在過去的幾十年，基于 IT 的風險資本卻有較大的增長。 CSIR 在印度和美國都申請了專利權(quán)，這些都是由外向政策導致的結(jié)果。 世貿(mào)組織成立了一個連續(xù)談判協(xié)調(diào)成員的不同和往往相互沖突的利益的一個論壇。在 世貿(mào)組織內(nèi)，印度致力于確保發(fā)展中國家抓住比較優(yōu)勢充分開放國際貿(mào)易和特殊差別待遇的規(guī)定，為發(fā)展中國家根據(jù)各世貿(mào)組織協(xié)定的部門，轉(zhuǎn)移具體的執(zhí)行人員，以便發(fā)展中國家促進自身發(fā)展的努力。由于近一半的研發(fā)開支所招致的論文行業(yè)，政府一直關(guān)注加強從這些投資附帶，以及鼓勵技 術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓之間以及中心和更廣泛的行業(yè)之間這些研究的中心。 六、歐 盟范圍內(nèi)的科學和技術(shù)政策的總結(jié)及其啟示 任何經(jīng)濟繁榮都取決于經(jīng)濟資產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)出能力。并且，也許，從其他國家引進技術(shù)勞動力的重要性，在最近幾年中被一些國家所引起重視。這較差的表現(xiàn)開始于 20 世紀 60 年代末，印度是受到保護的政權(quán)，它就不可能有能力去創(chuàng)造和產(chǎn)生具有國際競爭力的技術(shù)。幾家外商獨資和合資的研發(fā)中心被