【正文】 這種片子并不是很大。 盡管 IA64 是個(gè)全新的指令集，但 Intel 發(fā)表了一個(gè)令人困惑的聲明：基于IA64 的芯片將與早期的 x86 芯片保持兼容。 對(duì)于以上 RISC 運(yùn)動(dòng)的總結(jié)，我非常信賴最新版本的哈里斯和培生出版社的有關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的書(shū)籍。然而，情況也許有所不同，如果 Intel 的主要目的是為是生產(chǎn)一個(gè)好的 RISC 芯片。今天，設(shè)計(jì)者們希望有滿屋可用計(jì)算機(jī)做他們的 仿真，而不只是一臺(tái)， X86 指令集 除非出現(xiàn)很大意外，要不很少聽(tīng)到有計(jì)算機(jī)使用早期的 RISC 指令集了。 除了 RISC 這個(gè)引人注目縮略詞外，這個(gè)標(biāo)題傳達(dá)了一些指令集合設(shè)計(jì)的見(jiàn)解，隨之引發(fā)了 RISC 運(yùn)動(dòng)。令牌環(huán)設(shè)計(jì)研究的發(fā)表先于以太網(wǎng)。 計(jì)算消耗的下降并非起源與微機(jī)，它本來(lái)就應(yīng)該是那個(gè)樣子。每個(gè)門(mén)電路或翻轉(zhuǎn)電路是相互獨(dú)立的并且有自己的引腳。分時(shí)系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始起步，并且計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)隨之而來(lái)。在計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域工作的人都應(yīng)該記得 TTL， ECL 和 CMOS，到目前為止，CMOS 已經(jīng)占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位。 these areas are coloured yellow in the tables. Areas for which problems are foreseen, but for which no manufacturable solutions are known, are coloured red. Red areas are referred to as Red Brick Walls. The targets set out in the Roadmaps have proved realistic as well as challenging, and the progress of the industry as a whole has followed the Roadmaps closely. This is a remarkable achievement and it may be said that the merits of cooperation and petition have been bined in an admirable manner. It is to be noted that the major strategic decisions affecting the progress of the industry have been taken at the prepetitive level in relative openness, rather than behind closed doors. These include the progression to larger wafers. By 1995, I had begun to wonder exactly what would happen when the inevitable point was reached at which it became impossible to make transistors any smaller. My enquiries led me to visit ARPA headquarters in Washington DC, where I was given a copy of the recently produced Roadmap for 1994. This made it plain that serious problems would arise when a feature size of 100 nm was reached, an event projected to happen in 2020, with 70 nm following in 2020. The year for which the ing of 100 nm (or rather 90 nm) was projected was in later Roadmaps moved forward to 2020 and in the event the industry got there a little sooner. I presented the above information from the 1994 Roadmap, along with such other information that I could obtain, in a lecture to the IEE in London, entitled The CMOS endpoint and related topics in Computing and delivered on 8 February 1996. The idea that I then had was that the end would be a direct consequence of the number of electrons available to represent a one being reduced from thousands to a few hundred. At this point statistical fluctuations would bee troublesome, and thereafter the circuits would either fail to work, or if they did work would not be any faster. In fact the physical limitations that are now beginning to make themselves felt do not arise through shortage of electrons, but because the insulating layers on the chip have bee so thin that leakage due to quantum mechanical tunnelling has bee troublesome. There are many problems facing the chip manufacturer other than those that arise from fundamental physics, especially problems with lithography. In an update to the 2020 Roadmap published in 2020, it was stated that the continuation of progress at present rate will be at risk as we approach 2020 when the roadmap projects that progress will stall without research breakthroughs in most technical areas “. This was the most specific statement about the Red Brick Wall, that had so far e from the SIA and it was a strong one. The 2020 Roadmap reinforces this statement by showing many areas marked red, indicating the existence of problems for which no manufacturable solutions are known. It is satisfactory to report that, so far, timely solutions have been found to all the problems encountered. The Roadmap is a remarkable document and, for all its frankness about the problems looming above, it radiates immense confidence. Prevailing opinion reflects that confidence and there is a general expectation that, by one means or another, shrinkage will continue, perhaps down to 45 nm or even less. However, costs will rise steeply and at an increasing rate. It is cost that will ultimately be seen as the reason for calling a halt. The exact point at which an industrial consensus is reached that the escalating costs can no longer be met will depend on the general economic climate as well as on the financial strength of the semiconductor industry itself.。譯文原則上要求打?。ㄈ缡謱?xiě)，一律用 400 字方格稿紙書(shū)寫(xiě)），連同學(xué)校提供的統(tǒng)一封面及英文原文裝訂，于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作開(kāi)始后 2 周內(nèi)完成，作為成績(jī)考核的一部分。 see in particular Computer Architecture, third edition, 2020, pp 146, 1514, 1578. The IA64 instruction set. Some time ago, Intel and HewlettPackard introduced the IA64 instruction set. This was primarily intended to meet a generally recognised need for a 64 bit address space. In this, it followed the lead of the designers of the MIPS R4000 and Alpha. However one would have thought that Intel would have stressed patibility with the x86。最重要的是瞬態(tài)一定要小心應(yīng)付，雖然它只會(huì)在電視機(jī)的熒幕上一起一個(gè)無(wú)害的閃光，但是在計(jì)算機(jī)上這將導(dǎo)致一系列的 錯(cuò)誤。 60 年代的鞏固階段 60 年代初，個(gè)人英雄時(shí)代結(jié)束了，計(jì)算機(jī)真正引起了重視。 小規(guī)模集成電路和小型機(jī) 很快，在一個(gè)硅片上可以放不止一個(gè)晶體管，由此集成電路誕生了。一個(gè)商 業(yè)部門(mén)或大學(xué)有能力擁有一臺(tái)小型機(jī)而不是得到一臺(tái)大型組織所需昂貴的大型機(jī)。大學(xué)或各地的研究者，可以充分發(fā)揮他們的想象力構(gòu)造任何微機(jī)可以連接的數(shù)字設(shè)備。很少的測(cè)試方法被建立，總的來(lái)說(shuō)特性的選取很大程度上依賴于設(shè)計(jì)者的直覺(jué)。通過(guò)模擬該設(shè)計(jì)， RISC 的提倡者能夠有信心的預(yù)言，一臺(tái)使用和傳統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)相同電路的 RISC 計(jì)算機(jī)可以和傳統(tǒng)的最好的計(jì)算機(jī)有同樣的性能。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，商業(yè)上對(duì)于 x86 的生存會(huì)有更多的考慮，但是這里還有很多原因，盡管我們多么希望人們考慮其他的方面。因此，設(shè)計(jì)者們沒(méi)有完全實(shí)現(xiàn) RISC 指令集，盡管這不是很明顯。 進(jìn)一步說(shuō)， IA64 的設(shè)計(jì)與其他所有的指令集在主要實(shí)現(xiàn)方式上有所不同。在聽(tīng)到他說(shuō)問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)在 Intel 內(nèi)部也許有所不同，我很不理解。進(jìn)。 由于以上的復(fù)雜因素， IA64 的實(shí)現(xiàn)需要更大的體積相對(duì)與傳統(tǒng)的指令集，這暗示著更大的消耗。在這種情況下，隨后出現(xiàn)了 MIPS R4000和 Alpha。 對(duì)于 x86 取得勝利的最后有一件有意思的事情。被認(rèn)為是相當(dāng)成功的 RISC 指令集現(xiàn)在的生存空間越來(lái)越小了。 RISC 受益于一個(gè)最近的可用的方法的誕生，該方法使估計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)性能成為可能而不去真正實(shí)現(xiàn)該微機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。是 7400 的高可靠性給了我們勇氣，使得我們著手 Cambridge Ring.項(xiàng)目。 硬件的研究 我所描述的時(shí)代對(duì)于從事計(jì)算機(jī)硬件研究的人們是令人驚奇的時(shí)代。它被稱為小型機(jī)。他們必須忘記他們熟悉的電路 重新開(kāi)始。由于動(dòng)力工程師們做 事的方式與我們不同，我們也遇到了許多困難。我們?cè)陔娮庸こ谭矫娑加兄S富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并且我們深信這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)我們大有裨益。 it had always been that way. This was what I meant when I referred in my abstract to inflation in the puter industry ‘going the other way’. As time goes on people get more for their money, not less. Research in Computer Hardware. The time that I am describing was a wonderful one for research i