【正文】 的基本類型 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)定義 實(shí)驗(yàn)前想到的具體計(jì)劃：在實(shí)驗(yàn)前選擇被試 被試內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì) 被試間設(shè)計(jì) 混合設(shè)計(jì) 二節(jié) 多變量實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù) 多自變量實(shí)驗(yàn)定義（兩個(gè)、三個(gè)。 A foca point for the Earth, the feminine Spirit of the World. The female always overes the male by stillness. Stillness is the lowest position. Therefore a big country, By placing itself below a smaller country Wil win the smaller country. And a smal country, By placing itself below a larger country Wil gain the large country. Therefore, by being humble, one gains And the other, being humble already, also gains. A great country needs to embrace the lowly. The smal country needs to serve others. Thus, both needs are satisfied And each gets what it wants. Remember, the great country should always humble itself. 62 The Tao is the bosom of the Universe It is the good person39。s heart is not pure That is All the more reason to cling to the Tao! Therefore when a king is coronated, Crowned in ceremony, Presented with gifts of rare value, And escorted in luxury, All these things pale when pared to the humble gift of the Tao, offered in silence. Why did the Sages of old value the Tao so much? Because, when you seek, you find And when you sin, you are fiven. That is why the Tao is the greatest treasure of the Universe. 63 Do without doing. Work without forcing. Taste without seasonings. Recognize the Great in the small, And the many in the few. Repay hatred with kindness. Dea with the difficult while it is stil easy. Begin great works while they are small. Certainly the Earth does difficult work with ease, And acplishes great affairs from smal beginnings. So, the Sage, by not striving for greatness, Achieves greatness. A person who makes promises lightly Is not regarded as trustworthy. lIf you think everything is easy, You will find only difficulty. That is why the Sage considers All things difficult And finds nothing too difficult in the end. 64 What is at rest is easy to maintain. What has not yet happened is easy to plan. That which is fragile is easily shattered That which is tiny is easily scattered. Correct problems before they occur. Intervene before chaos erupts. A tree too big around to hug is produced from a tiny sprout. A ninestory tower begins with a mound of dirt. A thousandmile journey begins with your own two feet. Whoever tries will fail. Whoever clutches, loses. Therefore the Sage, not trying, cannot fail Not clutching, she cannot lose. When people try, They usually fail just on the brink of success. If one is as cautious at the outset as at the end, One cannot fail. Therefore the Sage desires nothing so much as to be desireless. She does not value rare and expensive goods. She unlearns what she was once taught And helps the people regain what they have lost。t is ill. Only someone who realizes he is ill can bee whole. The sage is not il because she recognizes this illness as illness, Therefore she is not ill. 72 When people lose their fear of power Then great power has indeed arrived. Do not intrude on the people39。 Seems chaotic, but unfolds a most excellent plan. Heaven39。s Way is to nourish, not to harm. The Sage39。 in the lightest Yang there is a trace of Yin. The Book of Tao was never meant to be scholarly. It was spoken, perhaps chanted, before writing was known, in simple language so that everyone could, with thought, understand it. That is also the object of this translation. Note: For the collections technical demands, the chapters were rearranged to their mon order. The four parts defined by the author, are the following: PART I ? TAO SUTRAS ON THE NATURE OF TAO Chapters: 1, 25, 4, 14, 32, 34, 41, 47, 56, 77, 51, 62, 73, 40 PART II ? TEH SUTRAS ON THE NATURE OF TEH Chapters: 21, 8, 78, 23, 5, 54, 38, 81, 33, 44, 67, 55, 16, 27, 49, 12, 26, 10, 50, 50, 20, 70 PART III ? YINYANG SUTRAS ON THE NATURE OF PARADOX Chapters: 35, 2, 9, 24, 29, 28, 43, 63, 42, 45, 64, 76, 13, 11, 48, 7, 52, 22, 37, 6 PART IV ? TAO AND THE STATE Taoist philosophy in leadership, education, government, and war Chapters: 15, 53, 46, 71, 19 (*20), 17, 66, 3, 39, 58, 59, 65, 60, 36, 57, 72, 75, 61, 79, 80, 74, 31, 30, 69, 68 1 The Tao described in words is not the real Tao. Words cannot describe it. Nameless it is the source of creation。 difficult and simple oppose in degree。 before and after oppose in sequence. The truly wise accept this and they work diligently without allegiance to words. They teach by doing, not by saying。 people will not then crave power or status. If scarce good are not valued highly, people will have no need to steal them. If there is nothing available to arouse passion, people will remain content and satisfied. The truly wise lead by instilling humility and openmindedness, by providing for fair livelihoods, by discouraging personal ambition, and by helping people to be upright. The wise avoid evil and radical reform。 observations (light) are clarified (tempered)。 they are therefore selfconfident. Perhaps it is because they do not exist for themselves that they find plete fulfillment. 8 The highest motive is to be like water: water is essential to all life, yet it does not demand a fee or proclaim its importance. Rather, it flows humbly to the lowest level, and in so doing it is much like Tao. In the home the truly wise love the humble earth, the foundation on which the home is built。 in government they foster peace and good will。 fill your house with gold and jade and you invite thieves。 the five notes deafen the ea