【正文】 nction of the vertical structural elements is to resist also the parasitic load caused by wind and possibly earthquakes, whose magnitudes will be obtained from National Building Codes or wind tunnel studies. The bending moments on the building caused by these lateral forces increase with at least the square of the height, and their effects will bee progressively more important as the building height increases. Once the functional layout of the structure has been decided, the design process generally follows a well defined iterative procedure. Preliminary calculations for member sizes are usually based on gravity loading augmented by an arbitrary increment to account for wind forces. The crosssectional areas of the vertical members will be based on the accumulated loadings from their associated tributary areas, with reductions to account for the probability that not all floors will be subjected simultaneously to their maximum live loading. The initial sizes of beams and slabs are normally based on moments and shears obtained from some simple method of gravity load analysis, or from codified mid and end span values. A check is then made on the maximum horizontal deflection, and the forces in the major structural members, using some rapid approximate analysis technique. If the deflection is excessive, or some of the members are inadequate, adjustments are made to the member sizes or the structural arrangement. If certain members attract excessive loads, the engineer may reduce their stiffness to redistribute the load to less heavily stressed ponents. The procedure of preliminary analysis, checking, and adjustment is repeated until a satisfactory solution is obtained. Invariably, alterations to the initial layout of the building will be required as the client39。 therefore careful planning and anization of the construction sequence bee essential. The storytostory uniformity of most multistory buildings encourages construction through repetitive operations and prefabrication techniques. Progress in the ability to build tall has gone hand in hand with the development of more efficient equipment and improved methods of construction. Earthquake Faults The origin of an earthquake An earthquake originates on a plane of weakness or a fracture in the earth39。s second law of motion 39。此外，因?yàn)樗鼈冃纬甚r明的標(biāo)志性建筑，高商業(yè)樓宇，經(jīng)常制定了促進(jìn)企業(yè)組織的威信的象征的城市中心。 理想情況下，在規(guī)劃建設(shè)的初期階段，整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，包括建筑師，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，服務(wù)工程師，應(yīng)互相合作，在商定的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，以滿足功能，安全性和可維護(hù)性各自的需求，并提供服務(wù)。該大樓的功能將導(dǎo)致自然提供 的墻壁圍分裂和空間，和內(nèi)核，以遏制和傳達(dá)，如電梯服務(wù)。 由于對(duì)降低建筑物的高度，重量面積和 重力負(fù)荷的增加而增加約與建筑的高度成正比。會(huì)員規(guī)模初步測(cè)算，通常根據(jù)一個(gè)任意擴(kuò)充增量占風(fēng)力重力負(fù)荷。如果變形過(guò)大，或部分 成員不足，調(diào)整，是為成員的大小或結(jié)構(gòu)安排。這將調(diào)用結(jié)構(gòu)的修改，或者可能是激進(jìn)的重新安排，因此必須對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)性的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行全面審查。 這個(gè)故事對(duì)大多數(shù)高層建筑的故事，鼓勵(lì)通過(guò)反復(fù)的統(tǒng)一行動(dòng)和預(yù)制技術(shù)建設(shè)。這構(gòu)成了地震震動(dòng)。 這些余震在其他生產(chǎn)點(diǎn)的過(guò)失或在斷裂帶的延誤。 另一種是稱為正斷層 相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，在一個(gè)向上向下的方向，是一個(gè)幾乎垂直于斷層面上。有些機(jī)關(guān)是指一個(gè)斷層側(cè)向推力聯(lián)合行動(dòng)。雖然地球發(fā)生地震的振動(dòng)，在所有的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的，水平組成部分是行政的重要性結(jié)構(gòu)工程師。 結(jié)構(gòu)工程師有興趣的機(jī)構(gòu)施加的地球運(yùn)動(dòng)的力量。 方程（ 1）經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 這是在 1 /克，是地震系數(shù)與方程（ 1）條。例如， 的過(guò)錯(cuò)產(chǎn)生的圣費(fèi)爾南多地震甚至沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)在任何地區(qū)出版的地質(zhì)圖。通過(guò)仔細(xì)觀察，當(dāng)出現(xiàn)故障，在一個(gè)戰(zhàn)壕的跨越斷層削減，有時(shí)可能以確定它是否已被近來(lái)活躍側(cè)壁可見(jiàn)。 對(duì)出現(xiàn)故障的歷史活動(dòng)的證據(jù)，有時(shí)會(huì)獲得通過(guò)觀察斷裂在一個(gè)戰(zhàn)壕暴露，地質(zhì)年輕的存款。垂直空中拍攝的照片是最重要的方法之一發(fā)現(xiàn)活斷層地形證據(jù)