【正文】 ility values for some of the fire safety measures. This data has been included to provide an indication of the reliability of the fire safety measures and their failure modes. Reliability data for some systems is available, but this is pretty limited and there is no correlations between the risk to life safety and the reliability of a system. For example a stair pressurisation system may work as designed, but fatalities could still occur. Some other difficult problems are questions such as, does a 60 minute FRR provide a higher level of safety than a 30 minute FRR and is a 30 minute fire rated wall more reliable than a 60 minute wall? Information on the reliability of a fire safety measure is not enough to determine the risk to life safety of the occupants. The reliability data needs to be assessed in conjunction with the ability of the fire safety measures to protect occupants to provide some sort of measure of effectiveness. The effectiveness of sprinklers and smoke detectors has been estimated in a study by study found that in home fires: ??The introduction of smoke detectors will reduce death rates by 52%. If sprinkler protection was introduced after the smoke detectors, the death rate would be reduced by a further 30%, resulting a total reduction in the death rate of 82%(Hall, 1993). ??If sprinklers were introduced first the death rate would be reduced by 69%.Adding smoke detectors would reduce the death rate by a further 13%, resulting a total reduction in the death rate of 82% (Hall, 1993). ??Sprinklers do not operate properly 8% of the time and smoke detectors do not operate properly 15% of the time (Hall, 1993). ??Detectors are nonoperational 32% of the time when a fire occurs (Hall, 1993). This information of this type would be very useful in a quantitative risk assessment, however for other fire safety measures it is not readily available. In addition to this, it is difficult to assess the contribution of an individual fire safety measure to the safety of occupants. The safety of occupants is usually provided through the bination and interaction of different fire safety measures. Therefore the assessment of the contribution to life safety from individual safety measures is difficult without the consideration of these interdependencies. Another problem is that some fire safety measures provide protection indirectly. For example sprinkler protection would provide direct protection, but smoke detectors will provide indirect protection. Direct protection can be defined as the fire safety measures that can directly affect the fire or products of bustion. The limited information and data available makes it difficult to assess the matrix quantitatively. A relative risk assessment of the matrix with respect to the building code would be the next logical stage, but the statistics on the effectiveness of the fire safety systems is limited. Reliability data is relatively easy to determine, but data on the ability of a fire safety measure or a bination of measures to increase life safety is difficult to determine. Some of the problems with a quantitative risk assessment are: ??Limited data ??Assessment of matrix variables Fire safety systems. Assessment of reliability and effectiveness of fire safety systems. Fire. Assessment of fire growth, spread, production of toxic products. Building characteristics. Level of safety provided by architectural characteristics, number of stairs, egress path widths, travel distances. Occupant characteristics. Assessment of occupant characteristics, human behaviour, physical and mental abilities. Training and Education. Decision making ability of occupants. Maintenance and inspections. Assess the frequency and effectiveness of maintenance program. Fire brigade intervention. Assessment of response time of fire brigade and time to extinguish or control the fire. ??Assessment of interdependencies and interrelationships between matrix variables. For example, the fire size is related to the ability of sprinklers to control the fire. ??Changes to the risk to life safety during a fire. Occupant behaviour, occupant location, occupant characteristics, fire characteristics, fire safety measures and fire brigade intervention can all change as the situation evolves. Therefore the level of risk faced by occupants also changes. To avoid the inherent difficulties in quantitative risk assessment, the fire safety design matrix is based on providing multiple levels of protection for the occupants. Therefore, if one of the fire safety measures fails, there is at least one other mechanism to provide protection. In addition to this, fire safety training is essential to educate occupants on what to do in the event of a fire, and how to maximise their chances of survival. 第十三章 防火安全矩陣 防火安全矩陣 以 為公寓 防 火工程設(shè)計(jì)提供指南 為 宗旨。 不 考慮 建筑物和居住者特征 , 一些最小的防火安全措施 應(yīng)該 被實(shí)施在所有公寓。 2 非撤離 在的 居住者撤離建筑物。 立即撤離那些在起火層之上的居住者 。 悶燃的火 公寓火 公開區(qū)域火 撤離 在公寓起火 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 3 起火層之上須撤離的居住者 1 在地板上起火 2 起火層之上須撤離的居住者 非撤離 在公寓起火 在公寓起火 在地板上起 火 分批 撤離 在公寓起火 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 1 在地板上起火 2 起火層之上須撤3 起火層之上須撤離的居住者 離的居住者 矩陣可變 性 公寓防火安全設(shè)計(jì)包括許多可變量和相互依賴性。 這些交易和相互聯(lián)系在防火安全措施之間需要被認(rèn)為獲得多數(shù)高效率和有效的防火安全設(shè)計(jì)。 表 16 總結(jié) 了上述防火安全矩陣中提供的處于危險(xiǎn)中的居住者以及防火安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 第十四章 對(duì)防火安 全因素的討論 防火安全考慮 到的可變因素主要有三個(gè)：建筑物 高度、噴水龍頭保護(hù)和緊急狀態(tài)戰(zhàn)略。 被 推薦 的 防火安全的宗旨是 處理 主要 的 問題 ，這個(gè)問題在 于指定的 建筑物的特征 ,在遇到 火 災(zāi) 情形下為居住者提供的多個(gè) 級(jí)別的 保護(hù)。 分批撤離 戰(zhàn)略 并沒有 被分開地談?wù)?，它是 其它二個(gè)戰(zhàn)略 的接 合 ，同樣的 根本原則 也適用。 當(dāng) 建筑物 變得更高 ， 消防的 難度將同步 增加。 更多居住者造成 更大的 傷害 和 更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 。出口道路的保護(hù) 對(duì)沒有 撤離 危險(xiǎn)境地的 居住者 是 至關(guān)重要 的 。 和機(jī)械系統(tǒng)。 樓梯 被密封 ， 限制煙傳播 ,提供 部分 安全出口道路 ， 為消防隊(duì)提供一個(gè) 無 煙域。 在非噴水龍頭 保護(hù)的建筑里，保護(hù)系統(tǒng) 是上 面 列出 的 2 和 3, 但是 還要 介紹下列 的 防火安全措施 ， 增加保護(hù) 的水平 : FRR（撤離時(shí)間） 到 60 分鐘 （極小值） 。保證 消防隊(duì) 對(duì)火 勢(shì)的 快速 回 應(yīng)。這應(yīng)該包括 樓梯和走廊被密封 ， 減少煙傳播 到撤離 道路的機(jī)會(huì)。 使 居住者與消防隊(duì)通信 ， 如果 居住者 需 要 協(xié)助 則可以 通知他們。 在噴水 龍頭被保護(hù)的