【正文】 s is not lightly cannot speak unambiguously about accident analysis covers a whole range of activities, each originating from a different background and based on different sources of information: national data banks, additional information from other sources, specially collected accident data, behavioural background data answer the question about the possibilities and limitations, we first have to look at the cycle of activities in the area of traffic of these activities are mainly concerned with the safety management of the traffic system, some others are primarily research following steps should be distinguished:description of the problem and its main characteristics。 Michael Kazmin2 Published online: 7 July 2015 International Atlantic Economic Society 2015 JEL Classification This research note explores the link between farmland conversion and existing land regulation in conclude that land regulation is lagging the new market trends in the transition economy of market forces continue to penetrate the economy, apparent managerial and statutory problems with regard to local landuse planning and regulation preclude more effective use of to the need for attracting investment in agriculture, the Russian Ministry of Science and Education provided funds for our research project that involves primary data collection and econometric analysis of the interdependencies between governmental policies and farmland unique dataset contains socioeconomic, demographic and spatial geographic 2010 data for 39 municipal districts in the Moscow metropolitan econometric analysis of this data set is used to explore the relationship among farmland quantity, its assessed value, the share of privatized farmland, farmland tax,and landuse zoning in the simultaneous equations the Russian market for real estate has developed quickly, the market for agricultural land is still deals are limited, partly because of the lingering uncertainty about farmland property stateowned farmland is still Moscow regional data suggest a strong positive relationship between the fraction of privatized farmland and farmland acreage, although the fraction of individually and collectively privatized farmland is only 57 %.The direct sale of farmland to foreigners is prohibited decreasing potential foreign investment as a result, the area occupied by agricultural lands has been steadily decreasing and deteriorating in the period 1990 to 2005, tillable lands in Russia have shrunk by million hectares( % of tillable lands).Lacking experience and adequate knowledge, local governments are stuck with the land conservation policies available to the former particular, in an attempt to contain the loss of prime farmland, the regulators retain old landuse zoning laws prohibiting the change of land , strong development pressures and widespread corruption often annihilate the desirable effect of results of our econometric analysis indicate that the proximity to Moscow city and population growth both have a significant negative effect on the amount of farmland, even in the strictlyzonedfor agriculture districts, suggesting strong urban pressure in the capital region of estimated elasticity of farmland acreage with respect to population growth is ? corrupt practice of illegal changes in land status is reflected in the fact that the lands still classified as farmland in the Federal Register of Land are turned into residential or industrial signals a management problem which could be perhaps resolved by the introduction of more flexible zoning and an increase in the range of responsibilities of local governments and their property rights to other economic instrument indispensable in land policy, land assessment, is also based on the former practices of the Communist period following a federally mandated general formula that takes into account soil productivity criteria, topographic features of the landscape, and the presence of irrigation, but still has little in mon with the market price of the agricultural land tax is calculated as the percentage of the assessed value of farmland, which is often below its real market value, local authorities are not interested in developing local agricultural infrastructure or increasing agricultural land base because they will not be able to reap any significant tax benefits from with the low federally mandated upper limits on tax rates( % of the assessed value of agricultural and residential lands)this leads to insufficient local tax revenues and overreliance on intergovernmental to our data for the Moscow region, although localities tend to impose the maximum allowable tax rate, the average share of land tax revenues in local budgets is a mere 5 %.It is not surprising as the average assessed value of farmland across municipalities is 1000 times less than the ongoing average sales price, according to data we insignificant local land tax revenues caused by the underestimated land value lead to insufficient local infrastructure investment, which further suppresses the value of farmland and hastens its results of the econometric analysis indicate lack of statistical significance between the assessed value of farmland and farmland quantity in the Moscow region, making the farmland tax rate an ineffective instrument in land missing link between the farmland quantity and existing land policies may render these policies not just ineffective but even approaches such as the retention of development rights by the government might represent a temporary increasing reliance on local governance in solvinglocal problems would imply improved landuse and public finance planning and,perhaps, a slower farmland conversion Ekaterina Gnedenko1 amp。凍膠分類C10。我們的結(jié)論是，土地監(jiān)管滯后于俄羅斯轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的新市場趨勢。2010年莫斯科都市地區(qū)39個市轄區(qū)的地理數(shù)據(jù)。國有農(nóng)田仍然很重要。在1990年至2005年期間，俄羅斯的可耕種土地減少了1050萬公頃(%)。我們的計量分析結(jié)果表明，靠近莫斯科城市和人口增長對農(nóng)田的數(shù)量有顯著的負(fù)面影響，即使是在嚴(yán)格的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，這表明莫斯科的首都地區(qū)的城市壓力很大。其他經(jīng)濟(jì)工具不可或缺的土地政策、土地評估,也是基于前實(shí)踐后共產(chǎn)主義時期的聯(lián)邦法律規(guī)定的一般公式,考慮土壤生產(chǎn)力標(biāo)準(zhǔn),地貌景觀的灌溉的存在,但仍然沒有與市場價格