【正文】 the system as a “basic state pension”. Social redistribution exists but it has been moved out from the pension system. The sole role of the pension system is providing working generation with an efficient method of ine allocation over their life cycle. The contribution rate for the entire social security system has not changed. However workers’ salaries were “grossed up” in order to introduce to them the idea that they pay part of the contribution and to build their awareness of the overall cost of the pension system. As such, since 1 January 1999 both workers and employers share the cost of contributions without any real change in the size of the total contributions. The whole operation affected percentages but not real flows of money. Thus the new system is based on the same contribution inflow as the previous system. Final remarks Providing people with social security – including financing consumption of the retired generation out of the product of the working generation is very high on the list of social priorities in most countries. It is especially important in European societies. However, the inefficiency of traditional pension systems put achieving this goal at risk. Social and populist rhetoric suggests to the public that changes within the pension system are dangerous for social goals. In reality, for most countries in the world, it is just the opposite. The longer the traditional pension systems are held up, the more socially damaging effects will be created. Poland belongs to a nonnumerous group of countries that are prepared for one of the most difficult challenges of our time, namely the ageing of the population. The new pension system will not only stop the increase of costs of the pension system but will also allow for their reduction. This will leave more resources available for development, which, in turn, will contribute to stronger growth and the increase of living standards of both the working and the retired generation. The example of the new Polish pension system, as well as the 6 Swedish one, is interesting for yet another reason. This type of system contributes to labour mobility, which is particularly needed in Europe. Free movement of labour cannot be achieved if moving from one country to another affects expected retirement ine. As such, aiming at pension system neutrality will be more and more important for European integration. 7 附錄二 譯文 重新引入代際均衡：波蘭 養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度 摘要 波蘭于 1999年通過(guò)了新的養(yǎng)老金制度。這需要穩(wěn)定的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的份額分配給整個(gè)退休一代。雖然波蘭改革采用了其他地方應(yīng)用技術(shù)，它的設(shè)計(jì)不同于典型的做法和教訓(xùn)，結(jié)果是有希望的所有經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家。這些因素列入養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度導(dǎo)致爆炸的 設(shè)計(jì)成本，造成了負(fù)增長(zhǎng)的外部因素和導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率持續(xù)高企。對(duì)于本文的目的，“改革”是指改變系統(tǒng)，以消除而不是僅僅在邊緣玩的貢獻(xiàn)率 結(jié)構(gòu)性效率低下和退休年齡調(diào)整為短期財(cái)政和系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)政治傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老金制度已被證明是低效率的提供與社會(huì)保障。設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行養(yǎng)老金制度是留給非經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，誰(shuí)沒有廣泛關(guān)注與如何資助長(zhǎng)期或如何彌補(bǔ)這些養(yǎng)老金養(yǎng)老金系統(tǒng)的負(fù)外部性。 本文由兩部分組成。因此，解決方案在一個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)或候選國(guó)可以預(yù)期是相同的。它們的充分介紹和討論超出了這個(gè)范圍，本文提出僅列出審議的問(wèn)題和最重要的意見。不論持有上述方法應(yīng)用的技術(shù)或思想觀點(diǎn)。如果養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度設(shè)計(jì)采用財(cái)務(wù)市場(chǎng)，那么我們通常稱之為資助。添加再分配或 金融市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度外部性。利用金融市場(chǎng)的原因 9 增長(zhǎng)的正外部性，如果養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的貢獻(xiàn)錢花費(fèi)投資。此 選項(xiàng)要求，除其他外，結(jié)合個(gè)人參與系統(tǒng)中的幾代人之間的本地生產(chǎn)總值除以對(duì)實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，如已經(jīng)完成在波蘭和瑞典。在所有這些案件有一個(gè)養(yǎng)老權(quán)市場(chǎng)種類。命名為“安全系統(tǒng)通過(guò)多樣性“ 1999 年 1 月開始。主要目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)可以是中性的，或者至少關(guān)閉經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)無(wú)論對(duì)中立人口老齡化。 下面的子彈協(xié)助抓的波蘭新概念的本質(zhì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的唯一的作用是提供一個(gè)有效的方法，對(duì)收入分配工作的一代人生命周期。該整個(gè)操作影響的百分比，但不是真正的金錢流動(dòng)。然而，傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老金制度的低效率在實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的提出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。波蘭屬于一個(gè)國(guó)家的非 組，為眾多的人準(zhǔn)備我們的時(shí)間，即人口老齡化最嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。這種類型的系統(tǒng)有利于勞動(dòng)力的流動(dòng)，這是特別需