【正文】 因此，在養(yǎng)老保險制度的中立性目標將有越來越多的歐洲重要整合。這將使更多的資源用于發(fā)展，這反過來也將有助于更強勁的增長，加雙方的工作生活和退休一代的標準。在現(xiàn)實中，大多數(shù)國家在世界上，它是剛好相反。 結(jié)束語 為人們提供與社會保障 包括消費融資的退休一代一代的產(chǎn)品進行的工作 是非常高的名單在大多數(shù)國家的社會優(yōu)先事項。不過工人的工資是“票房注冊”，以便向他們介紹他們的想法，付出的貢獻的一部分，并建造了總成本的意識養(yǎng)老保險制度。 特別是有沒有這樣的元素作為一個“國家基本養(yǎng)老金”的制度。很強的相似性，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有到新的瑞典養(yǎng)老保險制度根據(jù)類似的原則，并開始在同一 時間對同一，在這一總體框架波蘭新系統(tǒng)采用了數(shù)字技術(shù)的概念在其他國家發(fā)展。設(shè)計新系統(tǒng)從從無到有提供了獨特的機會，以避免復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。養(yǎng)老金制度的各類建立一種機構(gòu)框架這個市場。該交易所可組織各種方式的權(quán)利，也可以各種方式表達。這可能發(fā)生，如果對政府債務(wù)的回報率是堅持超過國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的增長速度。在再分配養(yǎng)老保險制度可以產(chǎn)生積極的外部性，如果該系統(tǒng)是價格便宜，即 GDP的一部分分配給退休一代并不大。二元隨收隨付即付與資助撥開樹葉方法在一個系統(tǒng)中，個別參與相結(jié)合不使用金融市場。這些功能源于同時在技術(shù)內(nèi)容上的應(yīng)用 退休金制度，而不是從系統(tǒng)本身。從聚合的角度，養(yǎng)老金制度是當前的劃分方式國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值之間的部分工作所保存的一代和部分分配對退休一代。因此，在部分二論文中，我們會研究如何波蘭現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成功實施的辦法列于論文的第一部分，并建立了一個強大的和中立的根本養(yǎng)老保險制度。這些問題是提交方式，超出了傳統(tǒng)思維方式對養(yǎng)老金去。這并不意味著如某些人承擔(dān)放棄社會安全目標。討論這問題涉及混亂的思想背景下產(chǎn)生的討論 參與 者，以及從這些概念作為過度使用“支付即用即付”與“資金”，即“公”與“私”，而在同一時間，忽略了數(shù)重要的經(jīng)濟問題。然而，很少有國家能夠在引進根本性的改革面積到了這個時候養(yǎng)老金。 導(dǎo)言 人口結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型與政策過于短視一起造成了嚴重的問題在全世界許多國家地區(qū)的養(yǎng)老金。在人口結(jié)構(gòu)的變化觀察到，在過去的一夫妻幾十年，這歷史性的嘗試，以穩(wěn)定為首占 GDP的比重為退 休人員嚴重的財政問題和經(jīng)濟增長負外部性，如觀察許多國家。本文介紹了概念背景的新系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。 ? Splitting each person’s OA contributions between two accounts (first account – NDC, second account – FDC)。 and segmenting the flows of revenue。附錄一 原文 Reintroducing Intergenerational Equilibrium: Key Concepts behind the New Polish Pension System Abstract Poland adopted a new pension system in 1999. This new pension system allows Poland to reduce pension expenditure (as a percent of GDP), instead of increasing it as is projected for the majority of other OECD countries. This paper presents the conceptual background of the new system design. The new system’s longterm bjective is to ensure intergenerational equilibrium irrespective of the demographic situation. This requires stabilisation of the share of GDP allocated to the entire retired generation. Traditional pension systems aim, instead, at stabilisation of the share of GDP per retiree. The change in demographic structure observed over the past for a couple of decades and this historic attempt to stabilise the share of GDP per retiree led to severe fiscal problems and negative externalities for growth, as observed in numerous countries. Many countries have tried to reform their pension systems in different ways to try to resolve the issue of these everincreasing costs. Although the Polish reform uses a number of techniques applied elsewhere, its design differs from the typical approaches – and the lessons and results are promising for all OECD countries. This paper presents the theoretical and practical application of this alternative approach and as such, the key features of the new Polish pension system design. Introduction Demographic transition together with myopic policies has caused severe problems in the area of pensions in many countries around the world. Elements of traditional pension systems’ design include a weak link of benefits to contributions and the lack of control over costs of the system. Inclusion of these elements in the pension system design led to the explosion of costs, caused negative externalities for growth and contributed to persistently high unemployment. As such, the quest for pension reform is now on the top of policy agendas around the world, and especially 2 in Europe. However, very few countries have been able to introduce fundamental reforms in the area of pensions to this time. In this case, the definition of refor