【正文】
ate equities) or deferring taxes (pension portfolio consists of government bonds), which is obviously not the same. Adding redistribution or financial markets to the pension system generates externalities. These externalities can be positive and negative. Redistribution within the pension system can generate positive externalities if the system is inexpensive, namely the part of GDP allocated to the retired generation is not large. If the redistribution is large, then it generates negative externalities, such as contributing to persistently high unemployment and weak growth. Using financial markets causes positive externalities for growth if the pension system spends contribution money on investment. If the contributions are spent on government debt they may lead to negative externalities similar to those of large redistributive system, namely more tax distortions. This can happen if the rate of return on government debt is persistently above the rate of GDP growth. There exists yet another option, namely to bring the pension system as close toeconomic neutrality as possible. This option requires, 4 among other things, bining individual participation in the system with dividing GDP between generations based on real economy developments, such as has been done in Poland and Sweden. Demographic structure: consequences of the change .Irrespective of the pension system design technique used, the pension system exchanges a right of the retired generation for a part of the product of the working generation. The exchange can be anised in various ways and also the rights can be expressed in various ways. In particular, the rights can be either traded in the financial markets, or defined in relation to some economic variables, or just based on political promise. In all of these cases there is a kind of market for pension rights. The working generation finances contributions in order to purchase the rights。 ? Annuitisation of account values at the moment of retirement。許多國家曾試圖改革其養(yǎng)老金制度不同的方法來嘗試解決這些不斷增加的費用問題。在這種情況下,改革的定義是至關(guān)重要的。相反,關(guān)鍵想法是放棄提供社會保障的低效率的方法,以挽救其目標(biāo)和原則。 選擇一般問 題 養(yǎng)老保險制度的設(shè)計已經(jīng)考慮到了一些問題。如果養(yǎng)老保險制度設(shè)計匿名參與和承擔(dān)的再分配規(guī)模相當(dāng)龐大,然后我們通常稱此系統(tǒng)隨收隨付友去。如果再分配是大,那么它會產(chǎn)生負(fù)外部性,如促進(jìn)失業(yè)率持續(xù)高企和增長疲弱。特別是,權(quán)利可以是在金融交易市場,或者定義有關(guān)的一些經(jīng)濟(jì)變量,或者只是政治基礎(chǔ)承諾。相反,新系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計是簡單和透明。社會再分配 10 的存在,但它被移動從退休金制度。這是社會的重要,特別是在歐洲。波蘭新的養(yǎng)老金制度的例子,以及瑞典之一,有趣的另一個原因。免費的勞工運動,就不可能實現(xiàn)如果從一國轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個影響到退休后的收入預(yù)期。社會和民粹主義言論向公眾表明,改變內(nèi)養(yǎng)老保險制度是危險的社會目標(biāo)。對于整個社會保障體系的貢獻(xiàn)率并沒有改變。新系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計不復(fù)制任何其他現(xiàn)有的養(yǎng)老保險制度在其他地方。工作代財政捐款,以購買的權(quán)利、退休代賣的權(quán)利,以獲得該產(chǎn)品的一部分工作一代。如果捐款是政府債務(wù)支出就可能會造成類似的大型再分配制度,即更多的稅負(fù)外部性扭曲。然而,這些通常用于兩個概念不用盡一切可能的組合匿名與個性化的參與和金融與非金融類養(yǎng)老保險制度設(shè)計使用的技術(shù)。養(yǎng)老保險制度:外部性與中立養(yǎng)老保險制度的一個描述很大程度上取決于雙方的匯總和個人觀點。第一個重點是一般性問題的討論需要解決的養(yǎng)老 保險制度設(shè)計時。在同一時間試圖治愈這些系統(tǒng)阻礙了缺乏共識什么可以取代傳統(tǒng)的制度。本文介紹了這一理論和實際應(yīng)用另一種方法,因此,新的波蘭養(yǎng)老保險制度主要特點設(shè)計。這種新的養(yǎng)老保險制度允許波蘭,以減少退休金支出(占 GDP 的百分比),而不是增加它 正如預(yù)計的經(jīng)合組織其他大多數(shù)國家。 ? Separation of the oldage part of social security from the nonoldage parts of social security 。 5 ? Creation of a new pension system, entirely based on individual accounts。這需要穩(wěn)定的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的份額分配給整個退休一代。這些因素列入養(yǎng)老保險制度導(dǎo)致爆炸的 設(shè)計成本,造成了負(fù)增長的外部因素和導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率持續(xù)高企。設(shè)計和運行養(yǎng)老金制度是留給非經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,誰沒有廣泛關(guān)注與如何資助長期或如何彌補這些養(yǎng)老金養(yǎng)老金系統(tǒng)的負(fù)外部性。因此,解決方案在一個會員國或候選國可以預(yù)期是相同的。不論持有上述方法應(yīng)用的技術(shù)或思想觀點。添加再分配或 金融市場產(chǎn)生的養(yǎng)老保險制度外部性。此 選項要求,除其他外,結(jié)合個人參與系統(tǒng)中的幾代人之間的本地生產(chǎn)總值除以對實體經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,如已經(jīng)完成在波蘭和瑞典。命名為“安全系統(tǒng)通過多樣性“ 1999 年 1 月開始。 下面的子彈協(xié)助抓的波蘭新概念的本質(zhì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。該整個操作影響的百分比,但不是真正的金錢流動。波蘭屬于一個國家的非 組,為眾多的人準(zhǔn)備我們的時間,即人口老齡化最嚴(yán)