【正文】 會主題中：“深入貫徹落實科學發(fā)展觀”、及“科學發(fā)展觀，第一要義是發(fā)展，核心是以人為本，基本要求是全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)，根本方法是統(tǒng)籌兼顧。deep structure39。netics the auditory characteristics correspond172。第一篇：河北師范大學語言學教案語言學教案Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics(2)What is linguistics? What is linguistics?Linguistics is the branch of learning which studies the languages of any and all human can be defined as the scientific study of a word, linguistics studies the general principles upon which all languages are constructed and operate as systems of munication in the societies in which they are guiding principles for linguistic studies:Exhaustivenessthe aim is to specify totally the linguistic contrasts in a set of data, and ultimately in the language as a statements should be logically criterion requires that, other things being equal, an analysis should aim to be as short and use as few terms as is a measure which permits one to quantify the number of formal constructs used in arriving at a solution to problem, and has been used, explicitly or implicitly, in most areas of linguistic analyses should be as objective as should e from facts Some basic distinctions in linguistics speech and writingthe primacy of speech: 1)Speech is prior to writing historically 2)genetically, children always learn to speak before they learn to importance of writing: 1)space displacement 2)time displacement 3)a visual recording of a speech Descriptive or prescriptivedescriptiveto describe the fact of linguistic usage as they are, and not how they ought to be, with reference to some real or imagined ideal term used to characterize any approach which attempt to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used.(Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure)synchronic(linguistics)languages are studied at a theoretic point in time: one describes a ?state‘ of language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking are studied from point of view of their historical development – for example, the changes which have taken place between Old and Modern English could be described in phonological, grammatical and semantic to the language system shared by a munity of speakers Paroleis the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker.(Noam Chomsky)Competencerefers to a person‘s knowledge of his language, the system of rules which he has mastered so that he is able to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences, and to recognize grammatical mistakes and to language seen as a set of specific utterances produced by nativespeakers, as encountered in a corpus.()Linguistic potential and actual linguistic behaviorwhat a person can ?do‘ and what a person ?does‘. Major branches of general linguisticsPhoneticsthe science which studies the characteristics of human soundmaking, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and branches of the subject are general recognized:(1)articulatory phonetics is the study of the way speech sounds are made by the vocal organs。but several other areas of language study have been investigated using these linguisticsa branch in which putational techniques and concepts re applied to the elucidation of linguistic and phonetic research areas have developed, including speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation, the making of concordances, the testing of grammars and the many areas where statistical counts and analyses are [?], weakened pronunciation of any vowel, positioned in the center of the cardinal vowel Coarticulation and phonetic transcription CoarticulationThe variation that a speech sound undergoes under the influence of neighbouring sounds has acquired the wellestablished label ?coarticulation‘. phonetic transcriptiona method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent IPA(International phonetic Alphabet)IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic idea was first proposed by the Danish grammarian Jespersen in first version of IPA was published in August latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in basic principle: using a separate letter for each distinctive sound and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.. Two ways to transcribe speech soundsBroad transcription: transcription with lettersymbols ‘s normally used in dictionaries and teaching transcription: transcription with lettersymbols together with the is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech : A set of symbols added to the lettersymbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the used to denote the smallest sound units that can be segmented from the acoustic flow of speech and which can function as semantically distinctive AllophonesPHONEvariants of a same DISTRIBUTIONfeatures that can distinguish meanning in phonemes of a voicing can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a DISTINCTIVE FEATURE for English FEATURES SyllablesSUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES—those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound The syllable structureMONOSYLLABICPOLYSYLLABIC σ= ONSET+ RHYME RHYME= NUCLEUS + CODA Sonority scaleDEGREE OF SONORITY Syllabification and the maximal onset principleMAXIMAL ONSET PRINCIPLE StressSTRESS refers to the degree