【正文】 and rely on all quarters of society to show concern for laidoff workers.“take measures”已充分表達(dá)原義，再譯“積極”一字用詞會(huì)顯堆砌，大可不必。It is necessary to acquire a better understanding of what are the socialist economy, politics and culture with Chinese characteristics in the primary stage of socialism and how to build them.“better”更合此譯文中“進(jìn)一步”的實(shí)際含義；漢語(yǔ)中重復(fù)的“政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化”由英語(yǔ)“them”一言以蔽之，簡(jiǎn)潔達(dá)意。另外，譯文將漢語(yǔ)的兩句處理為一句，主次關(guān)系由隱變顯，更合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。We must crack down on all kinds of crime according to the law and eradicate social evils such as pornography, gambling, and drug abuse and trafficking.“嚴(yán)厲”也好“堅(jiān)決”也好，都是漢語(yǔ)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的說(shuō)法，譯文若再譯出會(huì)顯多余，因?yàn)樽g文中所用動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣本身就已強(qiáng)烈得不能再?gòu)?qiáng)烈了。所以，對(duì)于漢語(yǔ)的這類修飾詞，翻譯時(shí)不妨按下列方法酌情處理：一、漢語(yǔ)修飾詞在句中僅出于行文語(yǔ)氣的需要而并無(wú)實(shí)際強(qiáng)調(diào)意義，在譯文中可刪去不譯。Continuous efforts will be dedicated to strengthening infrastructure, and basic and pillar industries.“繼續(xù)、大力”這兩個(gè)修飾詞意義已隱含在譯文打底線部分，意義已很明確。We should consolidate and perfect the reform measures for the macrocontrol system.“鞏固、完善”只能在原有基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行，已內(nèi)含“已出臺(tái)”之意，沒(méi)有必要再加上introduced（出臺(tái)）一詞；“各項(xiàng)”已由名詞復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)，再加譯則顯多余。The full development of a modity economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and promote enterprises to raise their efficiency. 原文三個(gè)修飾詞僅譯一個(gè)，合情合理合句式：“各”由名詞復(fù)數(shù)表示，“真正”若譯出，勢(shì)必削弱前文“only”的語(yǔ)氣，得不償失。All municipal governments and mayors are required to concentrate their efforts on planning, construction and civil management to form a material and technological foundation for China’s rapid economic ，不必再譯。Expediting reform is a prerequisite for the growth of the urban economy. 英語(yǔ)措詞已隱含這些漢詞修飾詞的意義，再譯會(huì)顯堆砌。We should continue to open channels to guarantee the people’s democratic rights. “繼續(xù)”譯為動(dòng)詞用法地道；“多種”由名詞復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)；英語(yǔ)guarantee”有“承諾”之意，不存在切不切實(shí)的問(wèn)題。再看下例“積極推進(jìn)”的譯法：5. 國(guó)有企業(yè)改革在試點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上積極推進(jìn)。A series of measures will be adopted to increase China’s prehensive grain production ，而譯文句中前后兩個(gè)修飾詞的使用已隱含了“全面”之意，再譯出會(huì)使句式累贅，不合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。所以，對(duì)于漢語(yǔ)的修飾詞，哪些該譯哪些不該譯，的確是一個(gè)很棘手的問(wèn)題，這需要譯者認(rèn)真去分析、去揣摩，決不可不加思索輕易下筆。而這一點(diǎn)卻正是英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中最忌諱的“同義反復(fù)”現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)然，這也與漢、英文字的組合方式有一定關(guān)系。相比之下，漢語(yǔ)濫用修飾詞的問(wèn)題就嚴(yán)重一些。倘若我們養(yǎng)成了The true facts are these這樣講的習(xí)慣，那么，當(dāng)我們只說(shuō)the facts人們就懷疑這一“事實(shí)”是否屬“實(shí)”。所以，對(duì)于漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的這種積習(xí)，在翻譯時(shí)必須進(jìn)行處理，或省去，或改譯，或隱含于上下文中，不可一味照字直譯，以免破壞英語(yǔ)表達(dá)。The idea of saving energy should be promoted to the general public.2. 各級(jí)政府都要切實(shí)加強(qiáng)對(duì)改革的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)地做好工作，不斷把改革推向前講。 or huge walls, solid and sound, or immense eggs plied on an unsteady boarder。Zhangjiajie is tranquil with its waters. Springs gush out of crevices and brooks flow through the valleys to converge into five streams, four white sand pools and two tumbling falls. The streams meandering down eastward between reddish rocks and green trees form long scrolls of landscape painting．（該景點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)介）(1)漢語(yǔ)最后一分句譯出略顯多余；（2）“潛流”之意體現(xiàn)不足；（3）句式略顯累贅。改譯：Spring rains bring an abundance of wildflowers on the hillsides. In the lowlands, small yellow flowers spring up in their thousands and the blue flowers, later color the grasslands blue. 1）an abundance of畫龍點(diǎn)睛，充分表達(dá)了“漫坡”與“遍布’”的意境。當(dāng)?shù)厝酥v，這里夏季涼爽宜人，冬秋溫暖如春，生活在此，如居天上人間。其實(shí)，從英語(yǔ)的思維角度來(lái)分析，漢語(yǔ)眾多的描寫中實(shí)際只有兩個(gè)場(chǎng)面：江濤奔涌穿山而過(guò)的景象和波光瀲滟靜水流淌的情景，實(shí)際物象都隱含在諸如“奔騰”、“直前”、“裂岸”、“群山”、“波光”、“驚濤”、“浪靜”等詞匯之中。但若照字直譯，英語(yǔ)文字必然累贅。漢語(yǔ)的景物描寫盡管有“藏而不露”的特點(diǎn)，但在表現(xiàn)手法上，它也常借助某種意境的烘托引喚出讀者心中相應(yīng)的形象來(lái)領(lǐng)略其美，這種引喚出的形象大多鮮明生動(dòng)，因?yàn)樾蜗缶哂兄庇^可感性，正好與英語(yǔ)寫景的表現(xiàn)手法不謀而合。漢語(yǔ)景物描寫用詞大多寬泛深遠(yuǎn)，行文華麗多彩，主觀色彩濃厚，“以我觀物，故物皆著我之色彩”（王國(guó)維《人間話語(yǔ)》），講究“意與境渾”，情景交融，因而景物刻畫不求明晰，多帶模糊思維的痕跡。寫景手法上多訴諸于具象的景物羅列而使之形象可感，具有一種明快酣暢之美。這種情況就需用另外的方法，大幅度改寫了：The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus. Flowers from these trees in different colors pervade the whole garden with their fragrance. （桂花公園以其眾多的桂花而著名，園內(nèi)桂樹上色彩各異的桂花盛開，使公園充滿了花的香味。It tears and boils along turbulently through the mountains and, at some place， flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples. 漢語(yǔ)氣勢(shì)磅市，情感橫溢；英譯直觀簡(jiǎn)潔，形象生動(dòng)，但不及漢語(yǔ)那么多主觀色彩（“群山動(dòng)容”，“靜如處子”），卻都極好地表達(dá)了同一意境，可謂異曲同工。）11. 在那里，古樹搖曳春秋，山花自謝自開，植被茸茸生煙，海子和瀑布隨著季節(jié)的推移而變幻多姿。全文句式長(zhǎng)短相交，節(jié)奏快慢有序，如行云流水，加上metaphor的襯托，極富美感。Crystal clear waters rippled with myriad fish and iridescent corals. A kaleidoscope of living color. An enchanting world where the ocean turned from emerald to aquamarine with the changing tides.（水晶般澄凈的海水伴著水底無(wú)數(shù)的魚和彩虹色的珊瑚起著細(xì)浪，一個(gè)生動(dòng)色彩的萬(wàn)花筒，一個(gè)迷人的世界。Famous for its “tranquil river fringed with rich vegetation”, Leshan in Sichuan Province has the ideal setting for its Dragon Boat Festival.（以“包鑲著豐盛植物的平靜河水”聞名的四川樂(lè)山有著舉辦龍舟節(jié)的理想環(huán)境）注：此譯省掉“水光山色獨(dú)特，地理環(huán)境優(yōu)越”，是為行文簡(jiǎn)練，以求神似。7. 河面各只彩船上無(wú)數(shù)五顏六色的霓虹燈、日光燈齊放光華，閃爍迷離，和水中倒影連成一片。On the banks of the Wuxia Gorge are mistcovered fairylandlike mountains and grotesque peaks. The most marvelous scene here is the twelve mountain peaks and, in particular, Goddess Mountain Peak. To cruise here is like wandering in a natural art gallery. 譯文中打底線詞可謂詞簡(jiǎn)意賅，形象、意境皆出其中。disparate thoughts也是一錘定音，恰到好處；“樹、花、草”用詞煉達(dá)，結(jié)合上下文，詩(shī)情畫意盡在不言中。Mystic lakes and sparkling waterfalls captivate your eyes as you enter the ravine. The trees are in their greenest in spring when intensified by colorful flowers. In summer, warm tints spread over the hills and lakelands. As summer merges into autumn, the maple trees turn fiery red. Splashing color through the thick forest hills … Tranquility pervades primitive Jiuzhaigou throughout the year.（《神話世界九寨溝》，中國(guó)翻譯“漢譯英練習(xí)”答案）漢語(yǔ)文筆優(yōu)美，讀來(lái)朗朗上口，充滿詩(shī)情畫意，充分展示了漢語(yǔ)景物描寫的長(zhǎng)處；英譯則簡(jiǎn)潔達(dá)煉，打破了漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序，寓情景于上下文中，表達(dá)直觀具體。這點(diǎn)，不妨參照不述各例的譯法：3. 當(dāng)你步入溝中，便可見林中碧海澹（dan4）蕩生輝，瀑布舒灑碧玉。再看一例：2. The harbor looked most beautiful in its semicircle of hills and halflights. The color of a pearl grey and a fairy texture…. Soft, melting half tones. Nothing brittle of garish. 漢譯：只見海港環(huán)抱于半圓形小山叢中，煞是好看，朦朦朧朧，一片銀灰，宛若仙境，……它濃淡交融，光影柔和，清雅絕俗。當(dāng)然會(huì)有各種譯法，讀者不妨一試。”在評(píng)價(jià)漢語(yǔ)的同時(shí)，葛蘭言實(shí)際上也為英語(yǔ)之類的西方語(yǔ)言下了注腳。西方的建筑同樣毫不例外，不論是古希臘神廟那流暢的線條與和諧的比例，古羅馬建筑那嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和諧的構(gòu)圖和空間序列，還是哥特式教堂那直指云天，高尖挺拔的塔頂所表現(xiàn)出的那種飛升的氣勢(shì)，都反映出西方傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)思維“天人各一”，偏重理性、突出個(gè)性，主、客觀對(duì)立的特點(diǎn)。芬奇的定點(diǎn)透視法和西洋傳統(tǒng)畫的“以面造型，略于點(diǎn)、線”之說(shuō)。西方民族在這些方面則大相徑庭?！保ā段男牡颀堉袊?guó)特別發(fā)達(dá)的古典詩(shī)歌，從開始的詩(shī)言志、詩(shī)言情，到韻外之致、味外之旨，再到神韻、格調(diào)、性靈、境界話說(shuō)，均強(qiáng)調(diào)心境意緒的傳達(dá)。 漢、英民族分屬東、西兩大文化體系，加上各自生活的地理環(huán)境、歷史條件、生產(chǎn)方式、社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)等狀況上的差異，因而形成了不同的文化傳統(tǒng)、思維方式和審美習(xí)慣。蜀中仙山峨嵋，漂浮于云濤霧海，呈秀色于煙雨漫漫的山林。杭州西湖，水榭歌臺(tái)，人工賦予它典雅美。Wulingyuan is famous for its high mountains, queer crags, clear waters, deep valleys, and fine caves. Towering from the valleys are 5,000 crags with 800 streams winding forward through the gullies.注：試將英文譯文直譯與漢語(yǔ)原文對(duì)照可以看出英漢語(yǔ)描繪景色方面表達(dá)的差異