【正文】 r a day. Glasswalled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain) through a wall of halfinch plate However, mirrorwalled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city39。 Center towers in New York City would alone generate million gallons of raw sewage each year as much as a of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain.the雖然對(duì)額外的陳列室和存儲(chǔ)室空間需要很明顯，但據(jù)費(fèi)城藝術(shù)博物館經(jīng)理講：博物館還沒有在未來十五年打破這個(gè)束縛的計(jì)劃。 這個(gè)博物館幾十年來一直需要額外的空間，十年前進(jìn)行了最后一次重大的翻新。 單單在紐約市，六個(gè)主要機(jī)構(gòu)或者已經(jīng)向空中和周 圍擴(kuò)展，或者正準(zhǔn)備這樣做。s space problems.them or are preparing to do so. The reasons for this confluence of activity are plex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere space.在短時(shí)期內(nèi)，能留下考 古記錄的東西也都會(huì)退化為石頭、骨頭、玻璃、金屬和陶器的碎片。并不是所有的人類行為都留下化石。 考古學(xué)的資料就是人類行為所造成的物質(zhì)變 化。s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and parative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peatbogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.考古學(xué)是歷史學(xué)的一個(gè)來源，而不是地位卑微的輔助學(xué)科。最后需要提到的是，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語、俗語和俚語這些 術(shù)語只是對(duì)研究語言的專家才有用的抽象標(biāo)簽。 一些俚語也變成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，但另外一些俚語只經(jīng)歷了短暫的流行，而后就被棄之不用了。 相反，俗語是指那些幾乎所有講這種語言的人都理解并在非正式的口頭或書面中使用，卻不適用于更正規(guī)的一些場(chǎng)合的詞和短語。 幾年之內(nèi)，馬車就被廢棄了，電車網(wǎng)相互交織連接著各個(gè)重要的城區(qū)，從而形成了一種郊區(qū)化的潮 流，即密集的工業(yè)城市轉(zhuǎn)變成了分散的都市。 相似的城市 化也發(fā)生在芝加哥和紐約。 在其中，人們步行走動(dòng)，商品靠馬車來運(yùn)送。 第三個(gè)國家就是美國，它完全建立在共和原則基礎(chǔ)上。 許多較閉塞的社區(qū)對(duì)這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)幾乎一無所知。 Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial selfrule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a homegrown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.美國革命 美國革命其實(shí)并不算是一場(chǎng)革命，因?yàn)樗⑽磳?dǎo)致完全的和徹底的變化。 America39?？▋?nèi)基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個(gè)美國人的生活。他對(duì)社會(huì)的較重要的貢獻(xiàn)都以他的名字命名。 在蕭條時(shí)期，他的多數(shù)對(duì)手都在縮減投資。S226。 Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. He who dies rich, dies disgraced, he often said. 這些廣播業(yè)的巨頭實(shí)際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對(duì)電視的理解。第一類為廣播電視，通過電視信號(hào)的寬帶無線電波 發(fā)射展現(xiàn)在大眾面前；第二類為非廣播電視，使用受控的發(fā)射技術(shù)來滿足個(gè)人以及某些特殊利益群體的需要。當(dāng)這些電子脈沖信號(hào)被輸入一部接收機(jī)(電視機(jī))時(shí)，就可以用 電子學(xué)的方法把脈沖信號(hào)重新恢復(fù)成同一幅圖像。這個(gè)時(shí)代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。 The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broadbased airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques. 06 Television 最 后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動(dòng)中分離了出來。 那些似乎帶來了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保留下來并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固 化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。 Another theory traces the theater39。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。大腦也發(fā)出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來。人們只是在兩個(gè)世紀(jì)前一點(diǎn)才開始了解電的使用原理，自然界卻顯然在這方面經(jīng)歷過了數(shù)百萬年。04 Electricity 該定義就其本 身來說自有其道理。所有 這些價(jià)格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價(jià)格系統(tǒng)。 他們所學(xué)的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運(yùn)作，往往受到科目范 圍的限制。教育應(yīng)成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。 上學(xué)讀書多少有點(diǎn)可預(yù)見性，而教育往往能帶來意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)。 教育不受任何限制。 Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their munities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling. 上學(xué)與受教育在美國，人們通常認(rèn)為上學(xué)是為了受教育。 他們還必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權(quán)威去控制這些音符。 鋼琴家們則不用操這份心，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)音符都已在那里等待著他們了。音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達(dá)到與運(yùn)動(dòng)員或巴蕾舞演 員相當(dāng)?shù)乃健?作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由 演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。 This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority. Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties。 Technique is of no use unless it is bined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.01 音樂的語言畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個(gè)人都可以觀賞到。 絕 大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練是技巧性的。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協(xié) 調(diào)。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理是學(xué)生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學(xué)會(huì)了解音樂中的每一個(gè)音及其發(fā)音之道。02 Schooling and Education 與上學(xué)相比，教育更具 開放性，內(nèi)容更廣泛。 傳 授知識(shí)的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機(jī)里進(jìn)行政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子， 也可以是知名的科學(xué)家。 因此，教育是一個(gè)內(nèi)涵很豐富的詞，它自始至終伴隨人的一生，早在人們上 學(xué)之前就開始了。 在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一 時(shí)刻到達(dá)學(xué)校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人傳授知識(shí)，使用大致相同的教材，做作業(yè)， 考試等等。03 The Definition of “Price” 美國的價(jià)格系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中一切產(chǎn)品買賣的價(jià)格，也包括 名目繁多的各種服務(wù)，諸如勞動(dòng)力、專職人員、交通運(yùn)輸、公共事業(yè)等服務(wù)的價(jià)格。換句話說，價(jià)格就是市場(chǎng)交易中大家認(rèn)同的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的貨幣量。也就是說，為了能估算索價(jià)，買賣雙方必須通曉構(gòu)成交易物價(jià) 格的通盤細(xì)節(jié)。 The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickeri