【正文】 ng candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators. 當(dāng)停電時(shí)，人們?cè)趽u曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索； 因沒有紅 綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，導(dǎo)致食物變質(zhì)。當(dāng)心臟跳動(dòng)時(shí)，把它發(fā)出的脈沖記錄下來就成了心電圖，這可讓醫(yī)生了解心臟的 工作狀況。這種細(xì)胞大量地連接在一起時(shí)產(chǎn)生的效果將是 非常令人吃驚的。05 The Beginning of Drama 他們?cè)噲D通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、令人恐懼的力量。另外，儀式中還有演員， 而且宗教領(lǐng)袖通常承擔(dān)演出任務(wù)，因?yàn)樵趦x式的執(zhí)行中避免錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生被認(rèn)為有相當(dāng)大的重要性；他們經(jīng)常帶著面具，穿著服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動(dòng)物或超自然的生靈，用動(dòng)作來表演以達(dá)到所需要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰(zhàn)斗的勝利、將至的雨、太陽的復(fù)活。首先通過一個(gè)講解人來運(yùn)用模仿、表演和對(duì)話，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色；另一個(gè)與之緊密相關(guān)的理論將戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節(jié)奏感的和體操 式的那一類，或者是對(duì)動(dòng)物動(dòng)作和聲音的模仿。 Televisionthe most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growthis moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and puter technologies. Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirtyseven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have e to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer. 電視電視以快速變化與發(fā)展為標(biāo)志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項(xiàng)現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在步 入一個(gè)極端復(fù)雜化與多樣化的新時(shí)代。簡(jiǎn)單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個(gè)復(fù)雜的電子系統(tǒng)，電視能夠?qū)⒁环鶊D像(這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機(jī)內(nèi)的一塊特殊的光導(dǎo)底片上)轉(zhuǎn)換成能經(jīng)過導(dǎo)線或電纜 發(fā)送出去的電子脈沖信號(hào)。電視這 個(gè)領(lǐng)域可以根據(jù)其發(fā)射方式分為兩類。在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS 這 些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。 Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of CarnegieMellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts. s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small munities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.安德魯卡內(nèi)基 被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯amp。他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產(chǎn)品的能力，部分來 自于經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條時(shí)期的擴(kuò)充策略?？▋?nèi)基經(jīng)常說：富有著 死去的人死得可恥。S226。 多數(shù)人并沒有受到實(shí)際戰(zhàn)斗的嚴(yán)重影響。 另一個(gè)國家是澳大利亞，因?yàn)槊绹辉偈侨菁{罪犯和欠債者的國度了，澳大利亞就變成了一個(gè)懲治罪犯的殖民地(注：獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前，英國政府將罪犯流放到美國)。四處被驅(qū)逐的 英國官員都被本土的統(tǒng)治階級(jí)所替代，這個(gè)統(tǒng)治階級(jí)迅速地以地方權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)來替代國王和議會(huì)09 Suburbanization s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the munities along their borders. 在這之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。作為對(duì)這種侵蝕的自衛(wèi)，也為了擴(kuò)大它們收稅的地域范圍，城市吞并 了工業(yè)化的臨近地帶，比如 1854年費(fèi)城的城區(qū)就兼并了費(fèi)縣的絕大部分地區(qū)。 當(dāng)1888 年第一條商業(yè)上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時(shí)，壓力開始接近危機(jī)的程度。10 Types of Speech third, association among the subgroups and the majority population. 這些詞和短語的意義已很確定并被列入了標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 詞典中。俗語用法經(jīng)常地被接受為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法。 很多語言學(xué)家指出，大量俚語的形成需要三個(gè)文化條件：第一，對(duì)社會(huì)中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一個(gè)由大量子群構(gòu)成的多樣化人口；第三，各子群與多數(shù)人口之間的聯(lián)系。11 Archaeology Archaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may change the course of history, but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist39。 這個(gè)過程創(chuàng)造了我們生活的人類世界，也創(chuàng)造了我們自身，因?yàn)槲覀兌际俏覀兯幍臅r(shí)代和社會(huì)環(huán)境的產(chǎn)物。 這些記錄自有其獨(dú)特和不足之處，因而導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)考古歷史和更熟悉的文字記載歷史進(jìn)行相當(dāng)膚淺的對(duì)比。任何由木頭、生皮、絨線、亞麻、草、毛發(fā)以及相似物質(zhì)做成的東西除非在一些非 常特殊的條件下，幾年或幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以后，會(huì)在塵土中腐爛并消失。are expected to do so in the nottoodistant future. In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods aroundcases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections. Deaccessing or selling off works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum39。 這些計(jì)劃或者已經(jīng)根本性地改變了博物館門面與展廳的設(shè) 計(jì)，或者預(yù)期在不久的將來會(huì)這樣做。在我國，也許沒有任何其他地方比費(fèi)城藝術(shù)博物館更符合這個(gè)事實(shí)。 博物館館長們被迫巧妙輪換利用陳列館的空間，輪流著把一些藝術(shù)杰作向公眾展出，而把另一些送入存儲(chǔ)室中。glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessens sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Tradecity the size of Stanford, Connecticut, whic