【正文】 thical belief is a personal choice, however ethical conduct can be mandated by an anization. ? Ethics are moral boundary or values within we work 68 Procurement Ethics: ? Integrity: – Open and effective petition – Environmental sustainability ? Ethics vs. Compliance ( Ethics encourages responsible conduct and pliance prevent misconduct。 and ?Review of CAP and ACP. 15 Procurement Planning WHAT? WHEN? HOW? 16 Supply Positioning (Portfolio Analysis): Supply Positioning provides a mechanism for discriminating between the ponents of the total purchasing requirements whether goods, works or services, and a tool for developing specific strategies to meet the needs of the anization with respect to each group of purchases. 17 Supply Positioning ?Few major sources ?Few alternatives ?Q/S/R critical ?Low value ?Few sources/monopoly ?High cost ?Q/S/R critical ?No alternatives ?Many sources ?Many alternatives ?Low value ?Many sources ?Many alternatives ?High cost STRATEGIC SECURITY STRATEGIC CRITICAL TACTICAL ACQUISITION TACTICAL PROFIT 18 Purchasing Goals ?Ensure supplies ?Cost insensitivity ?Frequent review ?Ensure supplies ?Close price management ?Continuous review ?Automate ?Delegate ?Give low attention ?Profit contribution ?Take risks ?Seek opportunities ?Wheel amp。 ?Requisitions。 ?Method of procurement。 3 0 0 S e r i e s )18%P r o j e c t P e r s o n n e l ( S C )12%F e l l o w s h i p s2%UNV5%T r a v e l8%C o n s u l t a n t s ( S S A )10%6 UNDP Global Procurement Trends 87 9014019595010201130135005001000150020xx 20xx 20xx 20xxI A P S ON E XD E XT o t al7 PO A m o u n t6%28%13%53% 2 . 5 K2 . 5 K ~ 3 0 K3 0 K ~ 1 0 0 K 1 0 0 K 2 . 5 K 2 . 5 K ~ 3 0 K 3 0 K ~ 1 0 0 K 1 0 0 K T o t a lP O C o u n t 7 4 , 2 8 5 4 4 , 9 5 7 3 , 5 4 0 1 , 5 2 7 1 2 4 , 3 0 9A m o u n t ( $ m ) 70 353 169 758 1 , 3 5 0PO C o u n t60%36%3% 1% 2 . 5 K2 . 5 K ~ 3 0 K3 0 K ~ 1 0 0 K 1 0 0 K8 A tl a s T r a n s a c ti o n s (PO ) w i th V a l u e 1 0 0 K21%19%7%7%18%28%AAPASECHQL A C* Note: HQ data includes IAPSO and UNV A AP AS EC HQ L A C G r a n d T o t a l313 281 116 112 266 439 1527165 183 85 32 135 158 7589 Procurement amp。1 Procurement Management: Best Practices 2 Learning Objectives ? Overview of Procurement Facts ? Understanding Procurement Chain ? Procurement Plan ? Supply Positioning ? Risk Management ? Procurement Oversight ? Contract Development amp。 300 Series) –18% Goods Service 45 % 63% G o o d s a n d S e r v i c e s45%P r o j e c t S t a f f ( 2 0 0 amp。 and the delivery of inputs. Procurement planning entails more than the selection of a procurement method for various goods, works and services and when to schedule activities, but bines the legal and institutional frameworks in which procurement must be carried out. Business Units should consider the following: ?Types of goods, works or services required。 ?Source of funds。 ?Justification for nonpetitive procurement。s standard conditions – the agreed range of items or services should be at short notice thus reducing or avoiding stock holding for goods and reducing downtime on equipment maintenance and repairs – the supplier benefits in terms of planning stock levels and continuity of supply – a mutually beneficial longerterm working relationship can be established with suppliers – Calloff create legal obligation and not LTA 48 Purchasing Card: ? Tool for procurement of low value contracts . less than $2,500. ? Aims to reduce petty cash and number of payment transactions. ? Monthly limit set at $10,000 ? Can’t be used for procurement of assets. ? Facilitate P2P. ? No transaction fee ? Payment cycle 30 days. 49 Procurement Process: ? Planning is not an analysis but identifying the activities and direction of activities ? Formalization phase determine the sourcing approach, evaluation criteria and solicitation documents. It formalizes the requirement based on budget ? Implementation covers all functions that pertain to the acquisition, including description of requirements, selection and solicitation of sources, preparation and award of contracts, and all phases of contract administration. It may also include logistics. ? Final phase consists of audit, evaluation and feedback 50 Tips on writing an effective SOW ? Be clearuse simple, direct language. ? Use active, not passive tenses ( The seller shall conduct the test as opposed to a test should be conducted, language is the dress of thoughts) ? Spell the buyer’s obligation carefully ? Provide a ceiling on the extent of services ? Identify all constraints and limitations ? Include standards that will make performance measurement possible and meaningful ? In case of goods, focus should be in providing functional and performance specifications 51 Purchasing a service: ? Services are more difficult to evaluate than goods. Goods have objective standards ? Supplier of services are often reluctant to provide benchmark ? Excellent services are easy to monitor but mediocre or poor services are difficult to evaluate. ? Goods can be returned whereas services cannot ? Poor quality services may continue undetected and cause greater problems ? Because of above differences the reputation and the experience of supplier is more important ? Key purchasing criteria: Reputation, References, Experience, Current Clients, Equipment, price etc. 52 Purchasing Services: ? Many services such as secretarial and cleaning are often bought as generics. Other s