【正文】 英文原文： Commonly Used structural System With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of highrise buildings for excessively plex thoughts. Indeed, the better highrise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression. It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of highrise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have bee monplace in today? s technology. Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most monly used structural systems used in highrise buildings can be categorized as follows: 1. Momentresisting frames. 2. Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames. 3. Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls. 4. Framed or braced tube structures. 5. Tubeintube structures. 6. Coreinteractive structures. 7. Cellular or bundledtube systems. Particularly with the recent trend toward more plex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most highrise buildings have structural systems built up of binations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are posed of interactive elements in threedimensional arrays. The method of bining these elements is the very essence of the design process for highrise buildings. These binations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both is needed to formulate a truly extraordinary design of a highrise building. While prehensive discussions of these seven systems are generally available in the literature, further discussion is warranted here .The essence of the design process is distributed throughout the discussion. MomentResisting Frames Perhaps the most monly used system in lowto mediumrise buildings, the momentresisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints. Such frames are used as a standalone system or in bination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal loads. In the taller of highrise buildings, the system is likely to be found inappropriate for a standalone system, this because of the difficulty in mobilizing sufficient stiffness under lateral forces. Analysis can be acplished by STRESS, STRUDL, or a host of other appropriate puter programs。這些柱子在 50 層的時候和 100 層的時候的變形是不一樣的，位于這兩種體系之間接近于邊緣的那些柱需要使這種不均勻的變形得以調解。一些單個的筒高于建筑一點或很多是很常見的。 在建筑的底部布置了一個相似的空間桁架結構。 在短方向上內(nèi)筒被支撐起來，但是在長方向上沒有剪切剛度。 把內(nèi)外筒相連接的空間結構、懸臂梁或桁架經(jīng)常遵照一些規(guī)范來布置。在核心交互式結構中，內(nèi)筒是一個支撐結構，外筒沒有任何剪切剛度，而且兩種結構體系能通過一個空間結構或“帽”式結構共同起作用。這很容易去理解，內(nèi)筒可以看成是一個支撐（或者說是剪切剛性的）筒，而外筒可以看成是一個結構（或者說是剪切彈性的）筒。在支撐筒中，剪切構件的偏角和對角線的軸心變形有關，而彎曲構件的偏角則與柱子的軸心壓縮和延伸有關。配置第二層柱的目的是增強抗顛覆能力和增大側移剛度。但是，作為一個性價比較好的結構體系，桁架能充分發(fā)揮它的性能，所以它會得到設計師們持續(xù)的支持。這種觀念已經(jīng)影響了筒體結構在 60 層以上建筑中的應用。由于這些抵抗側向荷載的柱子差不多都被設置在整個系統(tǒng)的中心，所以整體的慣性得到提高，剛度也是很大的。這種體系還具有延性高的優(yōu)點，這種特性在強震區(qū)特別重要。由于剪力墻寬度狹窄受限，所以需要以某種方式加以擴大，以便提從所需的抗傾覆能力。 剪力墻 剪力墻在加強結構體系剛性的發(fā)展過程中又前進了一步。這種體系以其結點處鉸接或則接的線性水平構件、垂直構件和斜撐構件而具特色，它通常與