【正文】 的空間結(jié)構(gòu)、懸臂梁或桁架經(jīng)常遵照一些規(guī)范來布置。美國電話電報總局就是一個布置交互式構(gòu)件的生動例子。 結(jié)構(gòu)體系長 米，寬 米，高 米。 布置了兩個筒，每個筒的尺寸是 米 米，在長方向上有 米的間隔。 在短方向上內(nèi)筒被支撐起來，但是在長方向上沒有剪切剛度。 環(huán)繞著建筑物布置了一個外筒。 外筒是一 個瞬時抵抗結(jié)構(gòu)，但是在每個長方向的中心 米都沒有剪切剛度。 在建筑的頂部布置了一個空間桁架構(gòu)成的“帽式”結(jié)構(gòu)。 在建筑的底部布置了一個相似的空間桁架結(jié)構(gòu)。 由于外筒的剪切剛度在建筑的底部接近零，整個建筑基本上由兩個鋼板筒來支持。 框格體系或束筒體系結(jié)構(gòu)： 位于美國芝加哥的西爾斯大廈是箱式結(jié)構(gòu)的經(jīng)典之作，它由九個相互獨立的筒組成的一個集中筒。由于西爾斯大廈包括九個幾乎垂直的筒，而且筒在平面上無須相似，基本的結(jié)構(gòu)體系在不規(guī)則形狀的建筑中得到特別的應(yīng)用。一些單個的筒高于建筑一點或很多是很常見的。事實上，這 種體系的重要特征就在于它既有堅固的一面，也有脆弱的一面。 這種體系的脆弱，特別是在結(jié)構(gòu)筒中，與柱子的壓縮變形有很大的關(guān)系，柱子的壓縮變形有下式計算： △ =Σ fL/E 對于那些層高為 米左右和平均壓力為 138MPa 的建筑，在荷載作用下每層柱子的壓縮變形為 15（ 12） /29000 或 毫米。在第 50 層柱子會壓縮 94 毫米，小于它未受壓的長度。這些柱子在 50 層的時候和 100 層的時候的變形是不一樣的，位于這兩種體系之間接近于邊緣的那些柱需要使這種不均勻的變形得以調(diào)解。 主要的結(jié)構(gòu)工作都集中在結(jié)構(gòu)布置中。在墨爾 本的里亞爾托項目中，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師發(fā)現(xiàn)至少有一幢建筑，很有必要垂直預(yù)壓高度低的柱子，以便調(diào)解柱的不均勻變形差，使其變形相接近。調(diào)解的方法是通過后張法，將較短的柱的重量轉(zhuǎn)移到較高的鄰柱上。 英文原文： Commonly Used structural System With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of highrise buildings for excessively plex thoughts. Indeed, the better highrise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression. It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of highrise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have bee monplace in today? s technology. Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most monly used structural systems used in highrise buildings can be categorized as follows: 1. Momentresisting frames. 2. Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames. 3. Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls. 4. Framed or braced tube structures. 5. Tubeintube structures. 6. Coreinteractive structures. 7. Cellular or bundledtube systems. Particularly with the recent trend toward more plex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most highrise buildings have structural systems built up of binations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are posed of interactive elements in threedimensional arrays. The method of bining these elements is the very essence of the design process for highrise buildings. These binations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both is needed to formulate a truly extraordinary design of a highrise building. While prehensive discussions of these seven systems are generally available in the literature, further discussion is warranted here .The essence of the design process is distributed throughout the discussion. MomentResisting Frames Perhaps the most monly used system in lowto mediumrise buildings, the momentresisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints. Such frames are used as a standalone system or in bination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal loads. In the taller of highrise buildings, the system is likely t