外文翻譯--農(nóng)村公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施服務(wù)的私人供給：補(bǔ)貼的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 service and mitment to pay for service use. Consumption is subsidized only exceptionally and limited to small amounts of service regarded as essential. The design of subsidies is closely tied to the available service delivery mechanisms. Subsidies are channeled through the service supply chain in ways that aim at being neutral with respect to petition among service providers, service alternatives, and technologies. 2 Water supply Potable water and, to a lesser extent, sanitation services, are often a priority for rural munities. Willingness to pay for improved services depends on the distance to, and quality of, existing sources of water and sanitation facilities, as well as the consumers’ perceptions of the health threats of unimproved services. Solutions to improved water supplies in rural areas are almost always localized, the water supply (be it ground or surface water) and its treatment and distribution being provided in each munity as a standalone system. Network solutions only make economic sense in areas where water sources are scarce or expensive, or where munities are close to one another. For each water technology there are also service level options, which can range from shared facilities (public stand posts or munity hand pumps) to house connections (individual hand pump, yard tap, or inhouse plumbing). For sanitation services the choice of technology and service level depends on population size and concentration, water service level and consumption rates, and soil permeability. For most rural areas in developing countries, the appropriate solution will be an onsite sanitation system (latrine or septic tank). Piped sewer and wastewater treatment systems are sometimes installed in larger munities, but costs are high. After years of struggling to achieve sustainable rural water systems scattered in munities across the rural landscape, most countries have now shifted from centralized supplydriven service provision models to decentralized demandresponsive ones. Rural water systems are often financed and constructed through programs managed by specialized national or regional agencies, and then handed over to be operated and maintained by munitybased organizations, such as water mittees Communitybased organizations have done well managing the daytoday operations of simple water and sanitation systems, although they often operate on very tenuous financial grounds
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