【正文】 需要時(shí) ， 設(shè)計(jì)人員 也 承擔(dān)著增加任何 推薦 設(shè)計(jì)荷載的職業(yè)責(zé)任。 無 永久性 損傷是通過 提供 不反復(fù)出現(xiàn) 的適 度 沖擊荷載實(shí)現(xiàn)的 。 設(shè)計(jì)方法 因 如 龍卷風(fēng)和地震 的 災(zāi)難荷載 而不 完善 ，并且 研究在這些領(lǐng)域 繼續(xù) 前進(jìn) 。風(fēng)荷載是橫向的負(fù)荷 ， 它 隨 高度 而產(chǎn)生 不同 強(qiáng)度 。 附錄 N 中 的雪地圖提供最大的雪 荷 載， 它可以 在美國(guó)各地 被 合理預(yù)測(cè) 。 在 空 間 使用上 的意外 變化 更有可能 。大鋼琴、 冷藏室 或水床 也是 。 第 12 頁 閱讀材料 B 荷載 類型 及應(yīng)力類型 負(fù)載類型 一般情況下， 作用在 建筑結(jié)構(gòu) 上 的荷載可分為兩組 ： 由于 地球 引力 產(chǎn)生 的荷載 和 由 于其他自然 因素 和元素 引起的荷載 。至少，它應(yīng)提供 知識(shí)和 可能與 咨詢工程師一起工作的 必要詞匯。 結(jié)構(gòu) 設(shè)計(jì)可以 從 講座和書 上學(xué)到 ，但很可能的是結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃 卻 不能。提供對(duì)以前的假設(shè)的合理性進(jìn)行檢查的主要結(jié)構(gòu)元素 大小的初步測(cè)定是通過建筑師 和 工程師 完成的 。 但是，在大多數(shù)的情況下 ， 建筑師必須做出 一些 有 關(guān) 結(jié)構(gòu) 形式 和 結(jié)構(gòu)體系 之間 被 發(fā)展的關(guān)系 的 初始 假設(shè) 。 開始 力 、 應(yīng)力和變形 的 研究是 最容易 通過定量方法 實(shí)現(xiàn)的 。這種明顯的安全也許比真誠(chéng)地表現(xiàn)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)更重要 ， 因?yàn)?未經(jīng) 訓(xùn)練的 觀察 者無法區(qū)分真正的和可預(yù)見的安全。 [11] 第四 ,結(jié)構(gòu)必須心理和物理安全一樣 ,在風(fēng)中 劇烈 搖擺 的高層建筑框 架也許實(shí)際上是不危險(xiǎn)的 但也許 使建筑還是 一樣不適宜居住 。它不應(yīng)與水和垃圾管道系統(tǒng) ， 空氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng) 或 （最重要的）人的運(yùn)動(dòng) 有沖突 。建筑規(guī)范 規(guī)定 建筑必須抗火不塌的小時(shí)數(shù) 。同樣，劇院必須有大、 無 第 10 頁 障礙物阻擋視線的范圍，但 高級(jí)餐廳 可能不 一定 。 [8] 除了這 三 個(gè) 主要要求 ， 其他 幾個(gè)因素 是 值得 強(qiáng)調(diào)的 。必須考慮設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)勞動(dòng)成本和能源消耗成本。 剛度不同于強(qiáng)度 ,因?yàn)樗苯由婕?結(jié)構(gòu) 在荷載作用下 的 拉傷和 偏斜 多少 。一個(gè)不穩(wěn)定的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)意味著不平衡的力 或缺乏平衡 和 隨之 加速 的 結(jié)構(gòu)或其 構(gòu) 件。 [3] 結(jié)構(gòu) 也 必須保持建筑形式 的 工程化。它可以 發(fā)展 和諧或沖突。 [2] 根據(jù)建筑 ， 建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)不止 那 些 。 Beginning this study of forces and stresses and deformations is most easily done through quantitative methods. These two subjects form the basis for all structural planning and design and are very difficult to learn in the abstract. In most building design efforts, the initial structural planning is done by the architect. Ideally, the structural and mechanical consultants should work side by side with the architect from the conception of a project to the final days of construction. In most cases, however, the architect must make some initial assumptions about the relationships to be developed between the building form and the structural system. A solid background in structural principles and behavior is needed to make these assumptions with any reasonable degree of confidence. The shape of the structural envelope, the location of all major supporting elements, the directionality (if any) of the system, the selection of the major structural materials, and the preliminary determination of span lengths are all part of the structural planning process. Structural design, on the other hand, is done by both the architect and the engineer. The preliminary determination of the size of major structural elements, providing a check on the rationality of previous assumptions, is done by the architect and/or the engineer. Final structural design, involving a plete analysis of all the parts and ponents, the working out of structural details, and the specifying of structural materials and methods of construction is al most always done by the structural engineer. 第 5 頁 Of the two areas, structural planning is far more plex than structural design. It involves the previously mentioned “ feeling for structure” or intuition that es through experience. Structural design can be learned from lectures and books, but it is likely that structural planning cannot. Nevertheless, some insight and judgment can be developed from a minimal background in structural analysis and design. If possible, this should be gained from an architectural standpoint, emphasizing the relationship between the quantities and the resulting qualities wherever possible, rather than from an engineering approach. This study of quantitative structures can be thorough enough to permit the architect to do pletely the analysis for smaller projects, although such depth is not absolutely necessary. At the very least it should provide the knowledge and vocabulary necessary to work with the consulting engineer. It must be remembered that the architect receives much more education that is oriented toward creativity than does the engineer, and therefore needs to maintain control over the design. It is up to the architect to ask intelligent questions and suggest viable alternatives. If handicapped by structural ignorance, some of the design decisions will, in effect, be made by others. 第 6 頁 Reading Material B Types of Loads and Types of Stress Types of Loads In general, loads that act on building structures can be divided into two groups。 13 第 1 頁 UNIT FIVE Text Structure of Buildings [1] Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be defined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Its primary purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to trans