【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 or (most important) the movement of people. It is obvious that the various building systems must be coordinated as the design progresses. One can design in a sequential stepbystep manner within any one system, but the design of all of them should move in a parallel manner toward pletion. Spatially, all the various parts of a building are interdependent. [11] Fourth, the structure must be psychologically safe as well as physically safe. A highrise frame that sways considerably in the wind might not actually be dangerous but may make the building uninhabitable just the same. Lightweight floor systems that are too “bouncy can make the users very unfortable. Large glass windows, uninterrupted by dividing mullions, can be quite safe but will appear very insecure to the occupant standing next to one 40 floors above the street. [12] Sometimes the architect must make deliberate attempts to increase the apparent strength or solidness of the structure. This apparent safety may be more important than honestly expressing the building39。s structure, because the untrained viewer cannot distinguish between real and perceived safety. 第 4 頁 Reading Material A Structural Planning and design The building designer needs to understand the behavior of physical structures under load. An ability to intuit or feel structural behavior is possessed by those having much experience involving structural analysis, both qualitative and quantitative. The consequent knowledge of how forces, stresses, and deformations build up in different materials and shapes is vital to the development of this ” sense” 。 Beginning this study of forces and stresses and deformations is most easily done through quantitative methods. These two subjects form the basis for all structural planning and design and are very difficult to learn in the abstract. In most building design efforts, the initial structural planning is done by the architect. Ideally, the structural and mechanical consultants should work side by side with the architect from the conception of a project to the final days of construction. In most cases, however, the architect must make some initial assumptions about the relationships to be developed between the building form and the structural system. A solid background in structural principles and behavior is needed to make these assumptions with any reasonable degree of confidence. The shape of the structural envelope, the location of all major supporting elements, the directionality (if any) of the system, the selection of the major structural materials, and the preliminary determination of span lengths are all part of the structural planning process. Structural design, on the other hand, is done by both the architect and the engineer. The preliminary determination of the size of major structural elements, providing a check on the rationality of previous assumptions, is done by the architect and/or the engineer. Final structural design, involving a plete analysis of all the parts and ponents, the working out of structural details, and the specifying of structural materials and methods of construction is al most always done by the structural engineer. 第 5 頁 Of the two areas, structural planning is far more plex than structural design. It involves the previously mentioned “ feeling for structure” or intuition that es through experience. Structural design can be learned from lectures and books, but it is likely that structural planning cannot. Nevertheless, some insight and judgment can be developed from a minimal background in structural analysis and design. If possible, this should be gained from an architectural standpoint, emphasizing the relationship between the quantities and the resulting qualities wherever possible, rather than from an engineering approach. This study of quantitative structures can be thorough enough to permit the architect to do pletely the analysis for smaller projects, although such depth is not absolutely necessary. At the very least it should provide the knowledge and vocabulary necessary to work with the consulting engineer. It must be remembered that the architect receives much more education that is oriented toward creativity than does the engineer, and therefore needs to maintain control over the design. It is up to the architect to ask intelligent questions and suggest viable alternatives. If handicapped by structural ignorance, some of the design decisions will, in effect, be made by others. 第 6 頁 Reading Material B Types of Loads and Types of Stress Types of Loads In general, loads that act on building structures can be divided into two groups。 those due to gravitational attraction and those resulting from other natural causes and elements. Gravity loads can be further classified into two groups: live load and dead load. Building live loads include p