【正文】 o incorporate environmental responsibility within normative the past four decades, efforts have intensified to professionalize the field of interior design and to accord it a status equal to that of the US and Canada the Council for Interior Design Accreditation, formerly known as FIDER, reviews interior design education programs at colleges and universities to regulate standards of , the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design(ICSID)embraces interior design within its purview, defining it as part of “intellectual profession, and not simply a trade or a service for enterprises.”Yet, the education of interior designers remains tremendously variable, with no uniformity of , interior design continues to be perceived as an arena open to the specialist and the perception is indicative of both the relatively short history of the profession itself and the broader cultural forces of inclusion and interactivity that mark a global ：Board of International Research in Design，Design Dictionary Perspectives on Design Terminology，Birkh228。盡管一些室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師在設(shè)計(jì)中采用環(huán)保的解決方案，但研究、探討在還未完成它的可持續(xù)發(fā)展設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則時(shí)這些方案如何作為設(shè)計(jì)組件而適用。1．1環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)已被定義為創(chuàng)造性問題的解決過程：一個(gè)具有創(chuàng)造性、建設(shè)性行為的過程。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師通過這個(gè)過程以求達(dá)到功能性質(zhì)量的室內(nèi)空間，并為人類的感官提供美學(xué)感受。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師在選擇材料是往往根據(jù)制造商的銷售資料而很少尋找相互矛盾的信息。環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)必須長(zhǎng)期彼此保持平衡，可持續(xù)發(fā)展。2材料和方法2．1研究和樣本通過一個(gè)以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為基礎(chǔ)、全國(guó)范圍的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員調(diào)查，來(lái)檢查國(guó)家環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐。本研究樣品從美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師（特別是其電子郵件地址是可行的設(shè)計(jì)師）中抽選。為了減低問卷的模糊率，初稿事先測(cè)試了20名室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)從業(yè)人員，并根據(jù)結(jié)果修改問卷，同時(shí)最后結(jié)果將事先的統(tǒng)計(jì)排除在外。個(gè)人信息包括就業(yè)和實(shí)踐的地區(qū)。2．4室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量提供一個(gè)生理和心理健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境。提供一個(gè)高水平的對(duì)制熱、通風(fēng)和照明的獨(dú)立控制；提供適當(dāng)?shù)闹茻釛l件；通過引入陽(yáng)光和景觀，將室內(nèi)空間和外部環(huán)境聯(lián)系起來(lái)；提供適當(dāng)?shù)恼彰鳁l件，并將這些條件通過節(jié)能的方法控制起來(lái)；提供適當(dāng)?shù)穆晫W(xué)條件。詳細(xì)說明循環(huán)利用的材料；詳細(xì)說明當(dāng)?shù)刂圃斓牟牧?；詳?xì)說明可快速再生的材料；詳細(xì)說明木質(zhì)材料，以便對(duì)森林管理負(fù)責(zé)；詳細(xì)說明持久、耐用的材料；詳細(xì)說明可重復(fù)使用、循環(huán)利用和生物降解的材料；詳細(xì)說明低生命周期影響的室內(nèi)材料。為了獲得高的反應(yīng)率，將有三封郵件，一封初始郵件，兩周時(shí)候?qū)⒂械诙忄]件，第三封郵件將作為提示完成問卷進(jìn)行發(fā)送，最后使用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)分析研究。需要努力獲取知識(shí)并將環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用于工程中將是很浪費(fèi)時(shí)間和壓力的項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃。它同樣表明室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師還未意識(shí)到環(huán)境問題已經(jīng)關(guān)系到室內(nèi)材料的整個(gè)生命周期。決定為什么室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師有將環(huán)境特征運(yùn)用到他們的設(shè)計(jì)世界的動(dòng)機(jī)的原因?qū)?huì)直接促進(jìn)環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐。如果這種實(shí)踐的優(yōu)勢(shì)更加明顯，環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的特征也許才能更廣泛地應(yīng)用。在室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量、環(huán)境煙草上的控制是最常見的應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)，而低揮發(fā)材料的使用是最少的。更多有關(guān)環(huán)境型、經(jīng)濟(jì)型和社會(huì)型可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的研究，有助于進(jìn)一步改良可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的知識(shí)主體。1996年,Zuurbier等學(xué)者在一般供應(yīng)鏈的基礎(chǔ)上，首次提出了食品供應(yīng)鏈概念，并認(rèn)為食品供應(yīng)鏈管理是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)銷售等組織,為了降低食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流成本、提高其質(zhì)量安全和物流服務(wù)水平而進(jìn)行的垂直一體化運(yùn)作模式。一．食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的產(chǎn)生原因近年來(lái)，食品供應(yīng)鏈的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是人們對(duì)食品消費(fèi)的要求不斷提高的必然結(jié)果。為了滿足消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在種類和數(shù)量上的要求，企業(yè)不斷尋求和研發(fā)新技術(shù)，而新技術(shù)和新方法的過度使用(如殺蟲劑、激素、抗生素和轉(zhuǎn)w 基因技術(shù)等)，在滿足了消費(fèi)者需求的同時(shí)，也不可避免地對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生了危害從而引起食品質(zhì)量安全問題。例如，歐盟管理法規(guī)第178號(hào)規(guī)定，從2004年起在歐盟范圍內(nèi)銷售的所有食品，都要實(shí)行食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與追溯；同樣在美國(guó)，食品與藥品管理局規(guī)定，在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)外從事食品生產(chǎn)、加工和包裝等的部門以及相關(guān)組織，在2003年12月12日前要向食品與藥品管理局進(jìn)行登記，以便進(jìn)行食品安全跟蹤與追溯，未登記者就不許從事食品生產(chǎn)和銷售。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家,特別是靠近城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)的蔬菜供應(yīng),一般都采用這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈。這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈，上游聚w 集了較多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者,而在中游環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)產(chǎn)地生產(chǎn)情況比較了解,又在銷售地占有一定渠道優(yōu)勢(shì)的銷售商卻較少。因此T型食品供應(yīng)鏈由于中間環(huán)節(jié)缺位和低水平的物流運(yùn)作，易出現(xiàn)上游農(nóng)戶盲目生產(chǎn)而下游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售困難的現(xiàn)象。這些大型超市為了滿足市場(chǎng)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)一致性和供應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性的要求，對(duì)供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的篩選。大型超市為了適應(yīng)消費(fèi)需求的顯著變化，將原先由獨(dú)立企業(yè)從事的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的增值環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行“內(nèi)部化”，專門建立大型加工及配送中心，對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行清洗、分類、深度加工、包裝和配送等增值業(yè)務(wù)，同時(shí)通過在大型加工中心實(shí)施HACCP和GMP加工質(zhì)量和衛(wèi)生安全認(rèn)證，來(lái)保證食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)安全。這種食品供應(yīng)鏈更關(guān)注消費(fèi)者的滿意度，通過加工中心來(lái)對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求作出快速反應(yīng)，并實(shí)時(shí)對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品進(jìn)行“量身定制”和深度加工，以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同于精益物流的靈捷物流戰(zhàn)略。而分析這些差異，他們又發(fā)現(xiàn)三種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的共性，即存在三種驅(qū)動(dòng)力。有些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的質(zhì)量可能容易判別，而另一些則不容易直接判別，甚至在消費(fèi)之后也不能馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)其質(zhì)量問題。許多企業(yè)已利用食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤系統(tǒng)，來(lái)最大限度地減少食品安全體系缺陷可能造成的潛在損失。有些企業(yè)則通過使用先進(jìn)RSS條碼系統(tǒng)和EAN/UCC全球統(tǒng)一標(biāo)識(shí)系統(tǒng)，更為具體地揭示食品供應(yīng)鏈的標(biāo)識(shí)信息，如每種產(chǎn)品的種子、施肥、使用抗生素的情況、生產(chǎn)時(shí)間、生產(chǎn)線、生產(chǎn)地、生產(chǎn)所使用的技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)次序，等等。在對(duì)食品跟蹤與追溯時(shí)，要求供應(yīng)鏈中的每一道加工環(huán)節(jié)，不僅要對(duì)自己所加工完成的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)，還要采集所需加工的食品原料上的已有標(biāo)識(shí)信息，并將其全部信息標(biāo)識(shí)在加工完成的產(chǎn)品上，以備下一道加工環(huán)節(jié)或消費(fèi)者使用，從而有效地解決了供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)之間的聯(lián)系比較脆弱、實(shí)施跟蹤和追溯難度大的問題，也為企業(yè)減少因缺乏明確信息而將混在優(yōu)質(zhì)食品中的劣質(zhì)食品連同優(yōu)質(zhì)食品一同處理的可能性。這些食品供應(yīng)鏈的信息也能使食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上獲得與其質(zhì)量相符的價(jià)格。因?yàn)樾畔⒏櫟膶挾?、深度和精度決定著企業(yè)整合食品供應(yīng)鏈的投入和成本。s management, food and agricultural industries have followed suit and Supply chain management with a tool to improve their , Zuurbier and other scholars in general, on the basis of the supply chain, first proposed the concept of the food supply chain, and that the food supply chain management of agricultural and food production and marketing organization, food and agricultural products in order to reduce logistics costs and improve its quality and safety and logistics service level and for vertical integration mode of , in the ., UK, Canada and the Netherlands and other more developed countries, agricultural production, this management model has been widely used, and gradually bee the focus of academic research food supply chain management research has gone through three stages: the first stage of the business flow management phase, the study of agricultural products and food processing enterprises, including the output of consumer spending to business before the flow phase, the content of their research is often included In the marketing context。the same in the United States Food and Drug Administration regulations in the United States and abroad engaged in food production, processing and packaging departments and related organizations in the December 12, 2003 to register the Food and Drug Administration for food safety tracking and tracing, on the allowed unregistered persons engaged in food production and , the food supply chain management is inherent in the market dynamics and the external pressure the government to promote the supply chain, production logistics system The formation of the food supply chain logistics system with the changing content of closely related, particularly in the food and agricultural production logistics system evolving situation, for people to create a highly efficient food supply chain management paradigm provides the to food and agricultural products logistics stage of development, typical of the food supply chain can be divided into dumbbellshaped, T, symmetric and mixed four ．dumbbell food supply type of food supply chain is a quasistrict supply is characterized by a shorter supply chain, connecting the main lot located at both ends of the transaction, while the middle of the main chain are few and fewer transactions, showing the dumbbell producers have poor technical conditions, production is low and less variety, it gathered a large number of upstream agricultural producers。fruit of 30% and 70%.Other countries also generally the supermarkets in order to meet consumer demand significant changes to the original by an independent enterprise e