【正文】
抽樣 第一階段,給調(diào)查員指定不同類型的定額 例按性別、年齡、職業(yè)、收入等指標(biāo)確定每類中的被調(diào)查者定額。 滾雪球抽樣 先選擇一些調(diào)查對(duì)象,訪問這些調(diào)查者之后,再請(qǐng)他們提供另外一些屬于所研究的目標(biāo)總體的調(diào)查對(duì)象,對(duì)這些調(diào)查對(duì)象調(diào)查后,再由他們按相同的要求提供新的調(diào)查對(duì)象,將這種過程不斷繼續(xù)下去,直到完成規(guī)定的樣本容量為止。 簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣 系統(tǒng)抽樣 分層抽樣 整群抽樣 簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣 簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣 (simple random sampling) 是最基本的概率抽樣方法。 討論:什么時(shí)候應(yīng)避免采用系統(tǒng)抽樣? 分層抽樣 分層抽樣 (stratified sampling)時(shí)將總體按某些重要特征分為數(shù)個(gè)層,各層之間既不能有重復(fù)也不能有遺漏,然后用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣或系統(tǒng)抽樣的辦法從每層中抽取一定數(shù)量的樣本。 樣本設(shè)計(jì)的選擇 影響樣本設(shè)計(jì)的因素主要有: 研究所處的階段和數(shù)據(jù)的用途; 總體內(nèi)部的同質(zhì)性; 時(shí)間、經(jīng)費(fèi)和人力; 數(shù)據(jù)收集的方法; 其它實(shí)際考慮。這時(shí)樣本量與下列因素有關(guān): 樣本設(shè)計(jì)類型; 要求的精度; 總體內(nèi)部的同質(zhì)性; 分組的詳細(xì)程度。 五、不回答問題 非抽樣誤差 由于拒答、度量誤差、數(shù)據(jù)處理誤差等因素,常常產(chǎn)生非抽樣誤差。 小結(jié) 抽樣的基本步驟 總體 ?抽樣框架 ?抽樣方法 ?樣本量 ?抽樣 非概率樣本設(shè)計(jì) 偶遇樣本;主觀樣本;定額樣本;滾雪球樣本 概率樣本設(shè)計(jì) 簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī);系統(tǒng);分層;整群 樣本量的的確定 經(jīng)驗(yàn)法;統(tǒng)計(jì)法 回答率問題 趨勢(shì)分析 Sampling (review) Two major concerns 1. Cost ? Sample size ? Method of data collection (phone, mail, personal interview) 2. Information accuracy ? Sample representativeness ? Respondent error ? Administrative error Basic questions What kind of sample? How large should it be? Which is more important? Sampling Problem China Light considered offering customer consulting service in which the pany would help to make homes more energy efficient. To decide how much customers would like this service, they mailed questionnaires to all of their 500,000 home customers together with February bill. About 25,000 households responded. The returned responses indicated a very high level of interest in the service. So China Light hired many service workers for heavy demand. However, actual demand turned out to be low. What happe