【正文】
獲得估計(jì)值的精度。這種樣本設(shè)計(jì)往往無法排除研究人員偏好對(duì)抽樣的影響,也無法估算樣本估計(jì)值的抽樣誤差??傮w單位的名單或名錄。 總體單位 (element) 構(gòu)成目標(biāo)總體的每一個(gè)單元。 樣本單位 (a sampling unit)為抽樣總體中的基本成員單位。 判斷抽樣 調(diào)研者(通常是該領(lǐng)域的專家)根據(jù)主觀經(jīng)驗(yàn)和判斷,從總體中選擇 “ 平均 ” 的或認(rèn)為有代表性的同時(shí)又容易取得的個(gè)體作為樣本。 滾雪球抽樣 先選擇一些調(diào)查對(duì)象,訪問這些調(diào)查者之后,再請(qǐng)他們提供另外一些屬于所研究的目標(biāo)總體的調(diào)查對(duì)象,對(duì)這些調(diào)查對(duì)象調(diào)查后,再由他們按相同的要求提供新的調(diào)查對(duì)象,將這種過程不斷繼續(xù)下去,直到完成規(guī)定的樣本容量為止。 討論:什么時(shí)候應(yīng)避免采用系統(tǒng)抽樣? 分層抽樣 分層抽樣 (stratified sampling)時(shí)將總體按某些重要特征分為數(shù)個(gè)層,各層之間既不能有重復(fù)也不能有遺漏,然后用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣或系統(tǒng)抽樣的辦法從每層中抽取一定數(shù)量的樣本。這時(shí)樣本量與下列因素有關(guān): 樣本設(shè)計(jì)類型; 要求的精度; 總體內(nèi)部的同質(zhì)性; 分組的詳細(xì)程度。 小結(jié) 抽樣的基本步驟 總體 ?抽樣框架 ?抽樣方法 ?樣本量 ?抽樣 非概率樣本設(shè)計(jì) 偶遇樣本;主觀樣本;定額樣本;滾雪球樣本 概率樣本設(shè)計(jì) 簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī);系統(tǒng);分層;整群 樣本量的的確定 經(jīng)驗(yàn)法;統(tǒng)計(jì)法 回答率問題 趨勢(shì)分析 Sampling (review) Two major concerns 1. Cost ? Sample size ? Method of data collection (phone, mail, personal interview) 2. Information accuracy ? Sample representativeness ? Respondent error ? Administrative error Basic questions What kind of sample? How large should it be? Which is more important? Sampling Problem China Light considered offering customer consulting service in which the pany would help to make homes more energy efficient. To decide how much customers would like this service, they mailed questionnaires to all of their 500,000 home customers together with February bill. About 25,000 households responded. The returned responses indicated a very high level of interest in the service. So China Light hired many service workers for heavy demand. However, actual demand turned out to be low. What happened? 兔年春晚好還是不好? 從這份數(shù)據(jù)看,形勢(shì)一片大好,但如果再看一份微博的滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果,恐怕很難讓人樂觀。這個(gè)論據(jù)也太過搞笑 吧。在 1萬多人參與的新浪微博小秘書發(fā)