【正文】 military research, it demonstrates space launch and control capabilities that have direct military application. . In January 2020, China successfully tested a direct ascent, antisatellite (ASAT) weapon, destroying a defunct PRC weather satellite. The unannounced test demonstrated the PLA’s ability to attack satellites operating in lowEarth orbit. The test raised concern among many nations, and the resulting debris cloud put at risk the assets of all space faring nations, and posed a danger to human space flight. . China launched its first lunar orbiter on October 24, 2020. The Chang’e 1 orbiter reached lunar orbit on November 5, 2020. Successful pletion of this mission demonstrated China’s ability to conduct plicated space maneuvers – a capability which has broad implications for military counterspace operations. The Chang’e 1 mission pleted the first of a threestage plan for lunar exploration which includes China’s desire to launch an unmanned lunar rover mission in 2020 and a manned lunar landing by 2020. 中國最大管理資源中心 第 20 頁 共 120 頁 . In October 2020, China launched the fifth in a class of Space Event Support Ships (SESS), the Yuanwang 5, an oceangoing space tracking and survey vessel intended to support China’s growing space program, including its expanding space launch activities. . China launched its 100th Long March series rocket in 2020, and continues to put a more sophisticated and diverse set of satellites into orbit. China is developing the Long March 5, an improved heavylift rocket that will be able to lift larger reconnaissance satellites into lowearth orbit or munications satellites into geosynchronous orbits by 2020, and is constructing a new satellite launch plex on Hainan Island. China expects to replace all foreignproduced satellites in its inventory with indigenously produced sunsynchronous and geostationary models by 2020, with life expectancies of 5 and 15 years, respectively. . China announced plans to launch 15 rockets and 17 satellites in 2020. Additionally, China announced its intention to launch a third manned space mission, Shenzhou VII, in October 2020 on the heels of the Beijing Olympics, underscoring space development as an important symbol of national pride. The majority of the technology used in China’s manned space program is derived from Russian equipment, and China receives significant help from Russia with specific satellite payloads and applications. . China’s leaders remain silent about the military applications of China’s space programs and counterspace activities. Cyberwarfare Capabilities. In the past year, numerous puter works around the world, Military Power of the People’s Republic of China 中國最大管理資源中心 第 21 頁 共 120 頁 including those owned by the . Government, were subject to intrusions that appear to have originated within the PRC. These intrusions require many of the skills and capabilities that would also be required for puter work attack. Although it is unclear if these intrusions were conducted by, or with the endorsement of, the PLA or other elements of the PRC government, developing capabilities for cyberwarfare is consistent with authoritative PLA writings on this subject. . In 2020, the Department of Defense, other . Government agencies and departments, and defenserelated think tanks and contractors experienced multiple puter work intrusions, many of which appeared to originate in the PRC. . Hans Elmar Remberg, Vice President of the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Germany’s domestic intelligence agency), publicly accused China of sponsoring puter work intrusions “almost daily.” Remberg stated, “across the world the PRC is intensively gathering political, military, corporatestrategic and scientific information in order to bridge their [sic] technological gaps as quickly as possible.” Referring to reports of PRC infiltration of puter works of the German government, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said “we must together respect a set of game rules.” Similarly, in September 2020, French SecretaryGeneral of National Defense Francis Delon confirmed that government information systems had been the target of attacks from the PRC. . In addition to governments, apparent PRC origin work intrusions targeted businesses. In November 2020, Jonathan Evans, Director General of the British intelligence service, MI 5, alerted 300 financial institution officials that they were the target of statesponsored puter work exploitation from the PRC. 中國最大管理資源中心 第 22 頁 共 120 頁 Naval Power. China’s naval forces include 74 principal batants, 57 attack submarines, 55 medium and heavy amphibious ships, and 49 coastal missile patrol craft. . China has an active aircraft carrier research and design program. If the leadership were to so choose, the PRC shipbuilding industry could start construction of an indigenous platform by the end of this decade. . The PLA Navy is improving its overthehorizon (OTH) targeting capability with Sky Wave and Surface Wave OTH radars, and is developing missiles with improved range and accuracy. . Two new SHANGclass (Type 093) nuclear powered attack submarines (SSN) and one JINclass (Type 094) SSBN may soon enter service alongside four older HAN