【正文】 ing and inflectional capabilities help identify is syntactic category.2. Phrase categories and their structuresphrase: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.phrase category: the phrase that is formed by bining with words of different categories. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are monly recognized and discussed, namely, NP, VP, PP, AP.Whether formed of one or more than one word, phrases consist of two levels, phrase level and word level. NP VP AP PP phrase level N V A P word levelPhrase that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, specifier and plement.head: The word round which phrase is formed is termed head.specifier: The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.plement: The words on the right side of the heads are plements.Part Three Phrase Structure Rulephrase structure rule: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.NP (Det) N (PP)…. AP (Deg) A (PP)….VP (Qual) v (NP)…. PP (Deg) P (NP)….1. XP RuleIn NP, AP, VP, PP phrases, the specifier is attached at the top level to the left of head while plement is attached to the right. These similarities can be summarized with the help of the template , in which X stands for the head N, V,A,P.: The XP rule: XP (specifier) X (plement)XP rule: In all phrases, the specifier is attached at the top level to the left of the head while the plement is attached to the right. These similarities can be summarized as an XP rule, in which X stands for the head N,V,A or P.2. X▔ TheoryX▔ theory: A theoretical concept in transformational grammar which restricts the form of contextfree phrases structure rules.The intermediate level formed by the head and the plement between word level and phrase level is represented by the symbol X▔. Thus the new threelevel structures can be written as follows:a. XP (specifier) X▔ b. X▔ X (plement)3. Coordination Rulecoordination: Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phenomenon is known as coordination. Such structure are called coordination structure.Four important properties:1 There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.2 A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3 Coordinated categories must be of the same type4 The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.Coordination Rule: X X *Con XPart Four: Phrase elements1. Specifiersspecifier: The words on the left side of the heads and which are attached to the top level, are specifiers.Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles:■ Semantically, they help make more precise the meaning of the head.■ Syntactically, they typically make a phrase boundary.The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the category of the head.2. Complementsplement: The words on the right side of the heads are plements.Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head. They are attached to the right of the head in English.subcategorization: the information about a word’s plement is included in the head and termed suncategorization.XP (Specifier) X (Complements*)“ * ” means the fact that plements, however many there are, occur to the right of the head in English.Miss Hebert believes that she will win.“that” plementizer: Words which introduce the sentence plement are termed plementizer.“she will win” plement clause: The sentence introduced by the plementizer.“that she will win” plement phrase: the elements, including a plementizer and a plement clause.“Miss Hebert believes” matrix clause: the contrusction in which the plement phrase is embedded.3. modifiersmodifier: the element, which specifies optionally expressible properties of heads is called modifier.XP (Spec) (Mod) X (Complement*) (Mod)This rule allows a modifier to occur either before the head or after it. Where there is a plement, amodifier that accurs after the head will normally occur to the right of the plement as well.Part Five : Sentences (The S Rule)1 The S rule : S NP VP (This analysis is based on the assumptionn that unlike other phrases, which contains a head, a plement and a pecifier, S does not have an internal structure.)2 Another view : Many linguists beliebve that sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. They take abstract category inflection as their heads, which indicates the sentence’s tense and agreement, Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP as its plement.1 Infl realized by a tense labelThe boy found the book.2 Infl position realized by an auxiliaryA boy will find the book.Part Six : Transformations1. Auxiliary movementtransformation : a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.The yesno question structures are built in two steps :1 The usual XP rule is used to form a structure in which the auxiliary occupies its normal position in Infl, between subject and the VP.2 In forming a yesno question requires a transformation known as inversion to move the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the left of the subject, C position.inversion : the process of transformation that moves the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the left of the subject, is called inversion.