畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文參考資料及譯文-中國(guó)農(nóng)村老齡化問(wèn)題及政策選擇(文件)
【正文】 ral areas have no access to this type of financial security or retirement options. They have to build their own security. If they cannot perform physical work, it means that they no longer have the ability to support themselves. They then have to rely on other family members or the government.The Aging Problem in ChinaIn general, couples independently choose the number of children they will bear, based on their own economic, conventional, and spiritual demands. Before they finish their childbearing, couples may have a clear indication that the number of children they will have in their lifetime is suitable to their own needs and also to their children’s lives in the future. The people in China, for example, had an average of six children per couple in the 1950s and 1960s. They knew that some of their children might die as result of the high mortality rate at that time. They also knew that they had to have enough children, especially sons, to take care of them when they got older, as well as to ensure that the family had its successors for next generation. The number of children they had needed to match their needs both physically and spiritually. The lower the socioeconomic level, the higher the demand was to have more children. However, due to the limitation of natural resources and the development of the country, this high fertility rate was no longer suitable for the country, even though it was suitable to individual families. Therefore, the demands of the country and the family appeared contradictory. In order to guarantee the development of the country and to ultimately secure the development of the family, China had to implement a family planning program. Because the program was driven by the government rather than by the couples themselves, the number of children in a family might not be suitable to the specific needs and considerations of couples. This is especially true with regard to demand for support and care by children for their older parents, assuming that the socioeconomic conditions and traditions have not changed significantly in the period.Before the family planning program began, the number of births for each couple averaged six. Starting in the early 1970s, China began to universally implement a family planning program. Initially, the policyrequired number of birth for couples was approximately two. Despite the fact that this limit was not strictly enforced, the decline in fertility was still drastic. Within only 10 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) decreased from in 1970 to in 1980 (see Figure 1). In 1980, the government adopted a new policy, requiring people in both urban and rural areas to have no more than one child.Figure 1. Trend of TFR, 19701998012345671971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998Source: TFR before 1990 es from Yao Xinwu and Yin Hua: Basic Data of China39。 that is, the portion of the population aged 65 and over would be accelerated. From the change in proportion, we predict that acceleration will begin around 2010 and will end around 2040. This means that the fastest increase in the proportion of elderly in China will occur between 2010 and 2040 (Qiao, 2001). After 2040, the elderly population will level out. This means that China’s serious aging problems will begin soon, within the next 10 years.Aging, or the change in the age structure, bees problematic when we take into account its context in a socioeconomic and institutional
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