【正文】 se seniors (Hai, 2021). Shanghai, known as the trendsetter of lifestyles, is dubbed the first aging city in China. The 2021 census shows that million seniors (60 and above) made up % of the city’ s population (CITS, 2021). Among over 600 outbound tour operators located in Shanghai in 2021, more than 100 offered tour packages specially designed for senior travelers, as pared to no more than 30 such providers in 2021 (Ren, 2021). All of the interviews were conducted in Chinese. Sixteen interviews were conducted in Beijing and 11 in Shanghai. Most of the interview sessions took around 40 to 50 minutes, with a few lasting more than one hour. All the interviews were digitally recorded and the facial expressions and gestures of the interviewees were noted by the interviewer. Some potential respondents were approached in public areas, such as munity mon areas and public parks, with permission obtained from the munity mittee. Ten seniors in Beijing and 11 in Shanghai were approached in public areas, with 4 and 8 in each location, respectively, who refused to participate. The other senior interviewees were referred to by friends. A predesigned interview record sheet containing questions both in Chinese and English was used. The questions are both semistructured and openended to encourage free expressions of interviewees‘ thoughts and feelings. The interviewer applied probing and paraphrasing to facilitate recalls and allow delayed responses. Questions were anized in three categories of views and motivation of leisure travel, factors influencing the realization of their travel, and their actual travel behaviors/trip characteristics. Some basic demographic information was also gathered. Digital recordings of the interviews were transcribed into text for data analysis. An indexing method was used to anize the data. The analysis of the data involves disaggregating the mass of text into meaningful and related parts or categories, which allowed the researchers to rearrange and analyze this data systematically. Guided by the structure of the interviews and the research aim of this project, data were categorized into main themes and subthemes. The analysis followed the guidelines of grounded theory approach (Strauss amp。 Hsu, 2021). The model is dichotomous by motivation (seeking and escaping) and by social orientation (personal or interpersonal). After a person recognizes one or both motivations, he or she will make choices based on social orientation (., to go alone or with others). The seeking and removing concepts (or escaping as in Iso Ahola‘s model) emphasize more on the ―what‖ than ―why‖ of actions. Another weakness of IsoAhola‘s model, particularly in the context of senior tourism, is the absence of the biological dimension of motivation as could be found in most traditional theories of motivation in psychological and social fields. One of the recent modifications of traditional motivation theories is a twodimensional model by Subbotsky (1995). One dimension is concerned with pragmatic motives based on biological needs, largely independent of social and cultural factors. The other dimension consists of no pragmatic motives, such as those based on selfesteem, empathy, and moral values. Subbotsky‘s model is distinct in that it allows a considerable overlap between the two: nonpragmatic motives can be developed from the activities pursued in the satisfaction of biological needs. The study of the ―why‖ of senior tourism requires the examination of both biological and sociocultural dimensions of motivation, and their interrelationships. Health and sensory abilities play a major role in behaviors and their underlying motivations. A recognized fact of aging is the continuous deterioration in health and physical abilities. During their lifetime, seniors have experienced and witnessed major social changes, which are often acpanied by changes of cultural values. These social and cultural changes can also have a major influence on travel motives. The improved living standards of the Chinese seniors, which directly affect their health and physical abilities, have been brought about by government policy shifts that have spurred drastic transformation of social and cultural environments, albeit some changes were unintentional in the policy design. An important social and cultural aspect of senior motivation in China‘s setting is the concept of ―self.‖ Following Hofstede‘s cultural model (1980), China is typically classified as possessing the culture of collectivism. Compared with their counterparts in an individualistic society, members of a collective society are more conscious of the impacts of their behaviors on others, and their motivation of actions is more shaped by their perceptions of how others would perceive the actions. In this regard, Bandura‘s (1991) threeclass motivation is of particular interest. The first class is similar to the biological dimension of a traditional theory (. Subbotsky, 1995). The second class consists of learned motives that operate through social incentives. People seek the approval of others and will refrain from activities that lead to disapproval. Motives in this class depend primarily on the reaction of others. The third class of motives consists of cognitively based anticipations. Individuals set goals for themselves and their behaviors are guided by these selfdetermined expectations and perceptions. The concept of self is very much in play in this classification of motivation. The self is a social construction, as well as a social constructor. Therefore, ―it adjusts to changes, and at least two areas where changes occur, are from aging and the environment‖ (Eyetsemitan amp。 and their definitions vary, so much so that McReynolds (1991) concluded that it is difficult to articulate a rigorous definition of motivation. The root definitio