【正文】 發(fā)出裝運(yùn)通知。因此，賣方不須對(duì)損失賠償，而是由買方自己承擔(dān)。而且，在無相互明確協(xié)議時(shí)，賣方只需按《協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款》或其他類似的保險(xiǎn)條款中最低的險(xiǎn)別投保。那賣方應(yīng)予以拒絕。問：貨物損失責(zé)任由誰承擔(dān)？為什么？ 評(píng)析： 貨物損失的責(zé)任由賣方承擔(dān)。如果提單內(nèi)記載的裝運(yùn)日期與實(shí)際情況不相符，也就構(gòu)成了賣方對(duì)合同的違反。由此可見，本案中的 B 公司雖然在不知情的情況下接受了 A 公司的單據(jù)，因而仍然有向 A 公司索賠的權(quán)利。那么， A 公司的違約責(zé)任應(yīng)當(dāng)然后確定呢？由于 B公司是在接受單據(jù)和支付貨款之后才得知的，因此，仲裁庭只能將條件違約按保證違約來處理。進(jìn)口企業(yè)在收取貨物、支付貨款前，也一定要嚴(yán)格審查單據(jù)，核查其與國(guó)際情況是否相符，以便及時(shí)對(duì)不符事實(shí)的單據(jù)提出異議和拒收。銀行將該證明書作為符合信用證要求的單據(jù)接受下來。 案情分析： 本案的實(shí)質(zhì)是銀行是否對(duì)單據(jù)所代表的貨物、勞務(wù)或其他履約行為負(fù)有責(zé)任。至于在本案中，貨物最終的檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果是否符合合同的要求，則是進(jìn)口商與出口商之間的事情，與銀行無關(guān)；檢驗(yàn)人 員是否按規(guī)定和要求檢驗(yàn)了貨物，或者是否如實(shí)地填寫了檢驗(yàn)證明書，這是該單據(jù)所代表的勞務(wù)，也與銀行無涉。 案情分析 “倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款”，是保險(xiǎn)公司對(duì)海洋運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn) 基本險(xiǎn)（平安險(xiǎn)、水漬險(xiǎn)、一切險(xiǎn)）的承保責(zé)任起訖的規(guī)定，即保險(xiǎn)公司所承擔(dān)的保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任，是從被保險(xiǎn)貨物運(yùn)離保險(xiǎn)單所載明的起運(yùn)地發(fā)貨人的倉(cāng)庫(kù)或儲(chǔ)運(yùn)所時(shí)開始，至貨物運(yùn)抵保險(xiǎn)單所載明的目的地收貨人的最后倉(cāng)庫(kù)或儲(chǔ)運(yùn)處所或保險(xiǎn)人用作分配、分派或非正常運(yùn)輸?shù)钠渌麅?chǔ)存處所為止。因此買方投保的保險(xiǎn)只保其應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，即貨物越過船舷后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，此案例中貨物是在從賣方倉(cāng)庫(kù)運(yùn)往裝運(yùn)碼頭期間發(fā)生了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失，買方不負(fù)責(zé)任，因此買方投保的“倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款的一切險(xiǎn)”不屬于保險(xiǎn)公司的賠償條件。買方為保障從賣方倉(cāng)庫(kù)至碼頭期間的保險(xiǎn)利益，必須向保險(xiǎn)公司另行投買保險(xiǎn)，如保險(xiǎn)公司設(shè)的“賣方利益險(xiǎn)”。保險(xiǎn)公司拒絕買方索賠是因?yàn)?損失發(fā)生時(shí)，他對(duì)貨物不具備保險(xiǎn)利益，雖然他也是保險(xiǎn)單的被保險(xiǎn)人和合法的持有人，但保險(xiǎn)公司有權(quán)拒絕其索賠?！堵?lián)合國(guó) 國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》在免責(zé)一節(jié)中，也作了類似規(guī)定：“如果能證明此種不履行義務(wù)，是由于某種其他所能控制的障礙，而且對(duì)于這種障礙沒有理由預(yù)期他在訂立合同時(shí)能考慮到或能避免或克服它及它的后果。關(guān)于不可抗力事故的范圍，根據(jù)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的慣例，一般包括兩種情況：一種是由于“自然力量”引起的自然災(zāi)害，如水災(zāi)火災(zāi)、颶風(fēng)、暴 15 風(fēng)雨、地震等；另一種是由于“社會(huì)力量”引起的，如戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、罷工、政府禁令等。但應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，這種自然災(zāi)害成為阻礙履行合同的不可抗力，其影響程度必須是根本行的或全局行的，致使無法取得貨源。當(dāng)時(shí)交不 上貨，主要原因是由于供應(yīng)貨的工廠停止生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品，我方公司也就無法提供上述兩項(xiàng)證明，僅憑口頭說明是不能引用“不可抗力”條款而免除不交貨責(zé)任的。在第二年由于發(fā)生自然災(zāi)害和加工廠停產(chǎn)，致使我方公司不能交貨時(shí)，我方公司應(yīng)將實(shí)際 情況告知澳方公司，在取得其諒解的前提下，協(xié)商處理問題，其結(jié)果肯定要比通過仲裁處理好。t charge you more than 35% of your pensation if you win the case. If you are thinking about signing up for a damagesbased agreement, you should make sure you39。s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday. I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport. For me it39。s actions. CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toure39?？傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。t really grow up, it seems is not so important。 Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time. 原來，這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時(shí)間。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。 Those were broken into various shapes of stationery。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那 18 場(chǎng)還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃 …… 那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。t. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters). cause there 。ll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big jump When he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound 690 mph (1,110 kph) in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him pletely. 19 If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it39。 Have declared the end of the encounter that haven39。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。s time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a selfrighteous spiritual. 一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。t want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can39。 The end of our life, and can meet many things really do? 而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？ 17 During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional。 May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it. 一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。s 21 win. Michel Platini, president of European football39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。t agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you ? your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven39。在本案例中，貨物買賣是有嚴(yán)格的國(guó)際法律和國(guó)際慣例來約束的，不能只以自己的想當(dāng)然去處理。因此，當(dāng)事人如以不可抗力來免除自己的責(zé)任，不僅需對(duì)事實(shí)提出證明，而且還需對(duì)無法克服和無法預(yù)防所出現(xiàn)的自然災(zāi)害提出證明。我方公司提出，由于自然災(zāi)害致使其不能取得貨源如期履約，因此提出免除其不履約的責(zé)任。如果某種意外事故是當(dāng)事人訂約時(shí)就可以預(yù)見的，或者在意外事故發(fā)生后能采取措施加以克服和排除的 ，就不能構(gòu)成“不可抗力”。 案例 30 不可抗力條款的爭(zhēng)議案 案情分析 本案雙方爭(zhēng)議的主要問題是“不可抗力”。另外CFR 合同、 FAS 合同下的“倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款”也要注意。本案例中所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失不在保險(xiǎn)公司的承保范圍內(nèi)，保險(xiǎn)公司對(duì)此不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。 本例中貨物是在賣方倉(cāng)庫(kù)運(yùn)往裝運(yùn)碼頭途中發(fā)生的承包范圍內(nèi)的損失，投保一切險(xiǎn)又含“倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)”條款，按理應(yīng)得到賠償，之所以遭到拒絕是由于 FOB 合同的特殊性 14 決定的。當(dāng)貨物在從賣方倉(cāng)庫(kù)運(yùn)往裝運(yùn)碼頭途中，出現(xiàn)意外事故并造成 10%貨物受損（屬于承保范圍內(nèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失），事后賣方以保險(xiǎn)單含“倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款”，要求保險(xiǎn)公司賠償，但遭到保險(xiǎn)公司的拒絕?！薄般y行對(duì)單據(jù)所代表的貨物在下述方面不負(fù)責(zé)任：貨名、數(shù)量、重量、狀況、包裝、交貨、價(jià)值，存在與否。但這些缺陷不是憑視覺能夠察 看出來的。信用證特別寫明要求提供“