【正文】 hich part of the abstract they relate to 17 Effective reading for science ? 3. Reading strategically headings amp。 Vancouver 6 Effective reading ? Generic principles ? Select a suitable amount of text ? . short journal article ? Stage 1 ? Raise questions in advance and think of keywords you are looking for ? What do you hope/expect to find? ? Note down these questions amp。 keywords ? Anticipation means you read with more focus ? This is the first step to active reading 7 Effective reading ? Stage 2 ? 1st reading: Skim the text for general meaning ? Only take very brief notes at this stage, if any ? Use a pencil to mark difficult passages ? 2nd reading: Scan the text for the keywords/particular topics you noted at Stage 1 + your marked passages ? 3rd reading: Read for detail ? Now go back over the text carefully ? Read each paragraph/section in detail ? Take selective notes, capturing some detail ? Because you have carried out a skim and a scan read already, the read for detail stage is more effective 8 Effective reading for science ? Some students may find the skimscanread for detail process difficult to implement with scientific writing ? Material with a high incidence of formula, data, scientific expressions and specialised vocabulary may be difficult to read quickly ? There are further anticipatory processes that can be tried in advance of, or as an alternative to, skimscanread for detail 9 Effective reading for science ? in context ? Scientific papers tend to follow a standardised structure ? There may be some variation within this for some sections ? . the extent and position of acknowledgements within the paper ? But the core sections are usually as follows 10 Effective reading for science ? The main structure of scientific papers: ? Abstract ? Introduction ? Literature Review ? Materials and Methods ? Results ? Discussion 11 Effective reading for science ? In your reading, you can work with the kind of information you will find in each section ? Anticipating the type of ?discussion? in each section allows you to read for context, and read more effectively ? In short, you ?know? what you are looking for 12 Effective reading for science Section Context Abstract Global view of textconcise summary Introduction Key aims of research。 paragraph deconstruction Headings: ? As well as the main sections outlined above, scientific papers will also be anised by headings, subheadings and paragraphs ? Headings and subheadings follow the general direction of the ?argument? ? They follow a sequence of hypothesis – test results discussion ? Use these headings strategically ? For example, use them as a parallel process to construct your notes ? Under each heading put down a few summary points to summarise that section of the text 18 Effective reading for science Paragraph deconstruction ? Look at each paragraph strategically ? Within academic writing, paragraphs tend to have ? a. A topic sentence (the central idea of the paragraph) ? b. Explanation amp。 dissertations 28 What is academic integrity? ? ” Academic integrity means the attitude of approaching your academic work honestly, by pleting your own original work, attributing and acknowledging your sources when necessary and not relying on dishonest means to gain advantage.” (2) ? Implementing academic integrity means taking an evidential approach 29 The evidential approach to academic writing ? All academic writing should be informed by reading and research ? In the case of a short piece of work, this might be one key source ? With longer pieces, . a laboratory project report, this could be multiple sources ? The sources that you use must always be evidenced, . “attributed and acknowledged” (2) ? You must provide information that shows ? The author(s) ? The year the source was published/available ? The full title ? For books amp。 buying an essay from an online essaybank ? Very often plagiarism is unintentional ? . Bad practice in notetaking where you confuse words, information and data from your source material with your own words…fragments of unacknowledged material pop up in your writi