【正文】 want the reader to know. The problem should be stated, and the main findings and conclusions should be included in the same order as in the report.” (1) . the abstract encapsulates the whole ?argument? of the text ? Given the nature of an abstract, it?s clear that a quick – but careful – preliminary reading of the abstract alone will allow for successful reading of the whole paper 16 Effective reading for science ? It?s possible to take an even more strategic approach to using abstracts ? Isolate each statement in the abstract ? Perhaps use colour/highlighter to identify them? ? Match these against the whole paper, identifying which section of the text relates to each part of the abstract ? For example, you can colourcode paragraphs to show which part of the abstract they relate to 17 Effective reading for science ? 3. Reading strategically headings amp。 paragraph deconstruction Headings: ? As well as the main sections outlined above, scientific papers will also be anised by headings, subheadings and paragraphs ? Headings and subheadings follow the general direction of the ?argument? ? They follow a sequence of hypothesis – test results discussion ? Use these headings strategically ? For example, use them as a parallel process to construct your notes ? Under each heading put down a few summary points to summarise that section of the text 18 Effective reading for science Paragraph deconstruction ? Look at each paragraph strategically ? Within academic writing, paragraphs tend to have ? a. A topic sentence (the central idea of the paragraph) ? b. Explanation amp。 evaluation of the topic sentence ? c. Evidence that supports the explanation and evaluation ? As you read each paragraph, try and place the information into these three areas 19 Paragraph activity ? Lloyd, D and Hanawalt, (2022) ? Look at sample paragraph ? Repeat process for following paragraph 20 Critical reading ? It is always important to take a (constructively) critical stance to all your reading ? You should always expect papers and texts to conform to the principles of academic integrity ? Hypotheses should always be properly tested。 results discussed and a conclusion reached ? But there may well be alternative ways of presenting research ? Alternate interpretations may well be possible! 21 Critical reading ? Common Mistakes in presenting/preparing Final Year Dissertations: ? “Not being critical enough. Both of previous researcher?s work and of yours. A good literature review and discussion is reliant on your ability to discuss, make parisons and critically analyse previous researchers? work. You should also be able to recognise shortings in your work and suggest how you?d approach the same issue differently next time” (6) 22 Critical reading ? There is no ?magic solution? to developing critical reading ? Continuous practice, and a willingness to adopt a ?critical mindset? , will help ? You might like to consider how you can foster this mindset by using a template for taking notes 23 Critical reading – a notes template ? Consider the following headings – ? 1. Source information ? For accurate referencing ? 2. Key points ? Your words ? 3. Quotations/information directly from source material ? 4. Key data/formula etc ? 5. Summary of results/discussion/conclusion ? 6. Alternative interpretation of results/discussion/conclusion 24 Critical reading – a notes template ? The advantages of adopting this kind of template are as follows: ? It puts all your notes in a standard format ? Comparison (and critical parison) of sources is easier, therefore ? Separating your words and source material means you are less likely to fall into the ?plagiarism trap? ? Having a section in which you always record alternative interpretations/explanations helps foster a ?critical mindset? 25 BREAK ? 510 mins 26 Final year projects ? Extensive piece of written work ? Five forms…but all have in mon ? Focus on originality, independent evaluation and quality of research ? Informed by 80 / 100 sources ? Marks to be gained for presentation ? Following a formal academic style ?