【正文】
大化作為經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo),不論是股東還是經(jīng)營(yíng)者都需要借助一種準(zhǔn)確的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)工具來(lái)衡量企業(yè)為股東創(chuàng)造(或毀滅)的價(jià)值。最后,根據(jù)實(shí)證研究結(jié)果,提出了我國(guó)銀行業(yè)建立EVA內(nèi)部績(jī)效管理體系的政策建議。與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的企業(yè)相比,我國(guó)企業(yè)現(xiàn)行的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià)普遍還不能令人滿意。并且使得業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只看重銷售收入和盈利增長(zhǎng),這使他們無(wú)須真正承擔(dān)資本回報(bào)的責(zé)任。關(guān)鍵詞 EVA;績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià);商業(yè)銀行 AbstractAchievement appraisal has been a business management important content,is the capital market, the corporate finance and management accounting a domain important issue, is also one has the demonstration significance extremely the application question. Compares with developed country39。按照現(xiàn)代管理基本理論,企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的目標(biāo)是:企業(yè)價(jià)值最大化。對(duì)于企業(yè)的家價(jià)值創(chuàng)造能力,直到現(xiàn)在,我國(guó)企業(yè)基本還是以凈利潤(rùn)為指導(dǎo)的財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)體系作為企業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)的基本指標(biāo)體系。所謂EVA的有效性,包括兩個(gè)面:一是EVA與公司價(jià)值和股價(jià)變化的關(guān)聯(lián)度。 Makhijia (1997)對(duì)19871993年期間241家美國(guó)公司進(jìn)行的實(shí)證研究表明,公司市場(chǎng)價(jià)值與EVA的相關(guān)性要比會(huì)計(jì)收益、每股收益、權(quán)益收益、自由現(xiàn)金流等指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性更強(qiáng)。Uyemura, Kantor amp。 Bowen (1997)對(duì)1000家美國(guó)公司19831994年的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)EVA對(duì)公司股票價(jià)格的解釋能力還不如凈利潤(rùn)指標(biāo)。關(guān)于第二個(gè)方面,思騰公司和許多學(xué)者做了大量的實(shí)證研究。少量的實(shí)證研究主要涉及EVA評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)與公司價(jià)值關(guān)聯(lián)度的問(wèn)題,而關(guān)于EVA管理體系有效性的研究幾乎沒(méi)有。 李洪、張德明、曹秀英、張學(xué)崛(2006)采用主成分分析和斯皮爾曼相關(guān)系數(shù)排序,對(duì)2004年上海證券交易所454家上市公司進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)EVA以及基于EVA的EPE(每元凈資產(chǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)EVA),EPA(每元資產(chǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)EVA)等系列指標(biāo)與傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)及其主成分能夠相互解釋,對(duì)公司績(jī)效的衡量是有效的。其結(jié)論是:資產(chǎn)管理、目標(biāo)客戶選擇、非信貸業(yè)務(wù)拓展以及外部市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是影響中小商業(yè)銀行價(jià)值創(chuàng)造能力的重要因素。Ross)在《EVA挑戰(zhàn):實(shí)施經(jīng)濟(jì)增加值變革方案》中指出,從本質(zhì)上看,EVA包含三個(gè)系統(tǒng):計(jì)量系統(tǒng)、激勵(lì)系統(tǒng)和財(cái)務(wù)管理系統(tǒng)。 其次,EVA提供了可操作的財(cái)務(wù)核算與業(yè)績(jī)考核體系。 第三,EVA對(duì)企業(yè)日常經(jīng)營(yíng)決策具有指導(dǎo)作用?,F(xiàn)代企業(yè)建立在委托一代理關(guān)系基礎(chǔ)之上,只有建立科學(xué)、合理的激勵(lì)機(jī)制,使經(jīng)營(yíng)者和員工的利益與股東的利益趨于一致,才能緩解或消除因委托一代理關(guān)系產(chǎn)生的道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、逆向選擇等問(wèn)題。在銀行業(yè)中,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素引入到績(jī)效考核體系后,將促進(jìn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)文化的培育。早期的業(yè)主權(quán)論認(rèn)為,企業(yè)屬于業(yè)主所有,企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)是業(yè)主擁有的權(quán)利,負(fù)債是業(yè)主承擔(dān)的義務(wù),資產(chǎn)權(quán)利減去負(fù)債義務(wù)后的凈額即是業(yè)主權(quán)益,用會(huì)計(jì)方程式表示:資產(chǎn)一負(fù)債=業(yè)主權(quán)益。企業(yè)主體理論強(qiáng)調(diào),企業(yè)是一個(gè)獨(dú)立從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)、承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任和法律責(zé)任的經(jīng)濟(jì)主體,企業(yè)的所有者、債權(quán)人以及國(guó)家盡管能夠從不同角度享受企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)成果,但都不能代表企業(yè)。企業(yè)的資本成本,既包括債務(wù)資本成本,也包括權(quán)益資本成本。馬歇爾所說(shuō)的“資本利息”就是指資本的機(jī)會(huì)成本,這一重要思想構(gòu)成了EVA的理論基礎(chǔ)。經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)小于零,表明企業(yè)創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值不足以彌補(bǔ)資本的成本,造成了資本的減值。外部融資包括股權(quán)融資和債務(wù)融資,這兩者之間的不同比例關(guān)系就形成了企業(yè)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)。本章根據(jù)商業(yè)銀行的行業(yè)特點(diǎn),對(duì)這三個(gè)要素的構(gòu)成和測(cè)算方法進(jìn)行具體分析。換言之,EVA衡量的是企業(yè)全部資本(包括權(quán)益資本和債務(wù)資本)的稅后投資收益水平,也即在不涉及資本結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下企業(yè)的價(jià)值創(chuàng)造能力。財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告是遵循公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則編制的,旨在為利益相關(guān)者提供關(guān)于企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況的會(huì)計(jì)信息。思騰思特公司在最初設(shè)計(jì)EVA指標(biāo)體系時(shí),提出了多達(dá)160多項(xiàng)會(huì)計(jì)項(xiàng)目調(diào)整,包括存貨成本、折舊、收益確認(rèn)、壞賬注銷、資本化費(fèi)用、稅收、通貨膨脹等。根據(jù)上述原則,商業(yè)銀行NOPAT涉及的會(huì)計(jì)調(diào)整項(xiàng)目主要包括以下幾類: (1)非經(jīng)常性損益 非經(jīng)常性損益是指企業(yè)發(fā)生的與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)無(wú)直接關(guān)系的,或產(chǎn)生該項(xiàng)損益的事項(xiàng)或業(yè)務(wù)是偶發(fā)性的,而不是企業(yè)持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)所必需的收入和支出項(xiàng)目。 (2)資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備 資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備是指企業(yè)對(duì)資產(chǎn)預(yù)計(jì)可收回金額低于其帳面金額提取的備抵費(fèi)用。一般準(zhǔn)備是根據(jù)全部貸款余額的一定比例計(jì)提的、用于彌補(bǔ)尚未識(shí)別的可能損失,其年末余額不得低于年末貸款余額的1%。 對(duì)股價(jià)估值水平的分析 金融是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的核心,商業(yè)銀行間接融資在中國(guó)社會(huì)融資結(jié)構(gòu)中居絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位。表1 2007年與2006年上證A股指數(shù)和六家銀行股票均價(jià)的變動(dòng)情況銀行名稱2006年均價(jià)(元)2007年均價(jià)(元)增長(zhǎng)幅度浦發(fā)銀行%民生銀行%招商銀行%華夏銀行%中國(guó)銀行%工商銀行%上證A股指數(shù)%(2006與2007股價(jià)比較)資料來(lái)源大智慧證券信息系統(tǒng)從表1看,2007年商業(yè)銀行股價(jià)總體上保持較快增長(zhǎng),但與當(dāng)年上證A股指數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)相比,增幅的差異較大。中國(guó)銀行和工商銀行的股價(jià)在2007年雖有所增長(zhǎng),但增幅遠(yuǎn)小于上證A股指數(shù)。招商銀行是中國(guó)最早實(shí)施零售銀行發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和業(yè)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略性轉(zhuǎn)型的商業(yè)銀行,其非利息凈收入占比約為15%,在股份制商業(yè)銀行中名列榜首,并獲得了“中國(guó)最佳銀行”、“中國(guó)最佳零售銀行”、“中國(guó)本土最佳現(xiàn)金管理銀行”、“中國(guó)最受尊敬企業(yè)”“中國(guó)最具發(fā)展?jié)摿ζ髽I(yè)”等一系列榮譽(yù)。對(duì)上市公司來(lái)說(shuō),股東財(cái)富最大化就是公司市場(chǎng)價(jià)值最大化。從表2看,2007年商業(yè)銀行股價(jià)總體上保持較快增長(zhǎng),但與當(dāng)年上證A股指數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)相比,增幅的差異較大。 第二類是中國(guó)銀行和工商銀行。然后,對(duì)EVA的本質(zhì)內(nèi)涵和理論來(lái)源進(jìn)行了論述,提出了企業(yè)主權(quán)理論和經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)理論是EVA理論的會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)淵源和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)淵源的觀點(diǎn),并對(duì)從經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)、剩余收益到EVA的理論發(fā)展脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行了梳理。主要研究成果概括如下:測(cè)算出各家銀行的每股EVA,得出的結(jié)論是:由于考慮了資本結(jié)構(gòu)和資本成本率因素,以及通過(guò)會(huì)計(jì)項(xiàng)目調(diào)整減少了對(duì)利潤(rùn)指標(biāo)的人為干預(yù),EVA比傳統(tǒng)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)更真實(shí)地揭示了商業(yè)銀行的盈利能力,是商業(yè)銀行價(jià)值創(chuàng)造的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。他深厚的學(xué)術(shù)造詣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度和寬厚待人的品格,給我留下了深刻的印象,使我受益匪淺。 Tseui A. EVA in the Computer Industy[J].Journal of Applied Corporate Finance. 1996, (9):104115.[2]Chen S amp。EVA is that it39。With the traditional performance evaluation system pared to the use of EVA for performance evaluation, with distinct characteristics and obvious advantages, in fact, it is characterized by the location of its superiority。 (2) EVA and accounting profit basis upon which the cost of puting is very different, because “the capital have been put into” the concept of strategy involved in some of the cost of capital. For example, in accordance with GAAP, “R amp。 (3) Even if the operator does not exist in order to achieve some kind of accounting information for the purposes of the act for a cosmetic, GAAP itself is inevitably distorted corporate profits and the determination of the cost。 Specifically:MVA = market value of panies - in the interests of corporate capital and debt capital。s total capital and increase the total value of 800 million,and in fact is the same MVA of;only when the investment profit rate is higher than the cost of capital,that is,NPV greater than zero,MVA was increased, the operator can be a better performance。 To EVAbased performance evaluation system clearly showed that only operators of the enterprise valueadded EVA, but also increase the value of the wealth of business owners in order to gain rewards, and more valueadded EVA, operating ine and more high。 It can be said, EVA makes the emergence of managers in financial management in the first performance evaluation of a mon language,this is because the EVA to the accounting indicators (eg net profit) and other financial indicators (such as net present value) to establish a bridge between ,thus establishing the basis of the EVA financial management system so that enterprises can not only use of a variety of financial indicators in line,but also on the basis of a variety of businesstobusinessrelated interest groups to obtain consistency in the views of financial goals and consistency of action taken,which is conducive to enterprise financial management system of coordination and harmonization will help to avoid financial decisionmaking and the implementation of the conflict between the work of various departments to improve efficiency,will help managers plan to achieve its valueadded EVA。based on EVAbased incentive mechanism 。Even those who have the responsibility of the operators of EVA, as a greater degree of improvement in EVA, the bonus may be higher;and those with larger amounts are the operators of EVA improvement due to the level of EVA is very small,might only be less money。Thus,good business performance in the year, operators of the actual cash received and deposited the money in the “bonus bank”to increase the prize money。However, which from the inside out of the work together to promote business for the creation of shareholder wealth for themselves but also work hard to create wealth. Second,EVA use of the financial management process involving all major aspects of the determination