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changed, . if, for instance, a longer walk between parking and final destination is assumed. So when speaking about parking deficits, we have to add standards in terms of distances and costs to define them. By the way, the same occurs in other fields of transportation: so, for instance, the capacity of a road section or a junction is connected with the level of service expressed by speed or waiting times. The amount of car traffic generated by a parking space depends on parking duration and parking turnover as well as on search traffic. So, for instance, 10% of the residents39。 cars are present, while at about . about 45% are present. The occupancy by employees39。s own feet and also caused by the underaverage social structure which is mon in some of those areas. The problems with residents39。 1988)更 喜歡短的時(shí)間減少停車位長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。 更多汽車交通 也出了交通高峰 是不是因?yàn)榭諝馕廴镜拇蟪鞘腥淌?。相反,?限制停車時(shí)至下午 6點(diǎn)是執(zhí)行,可能是被占領(lǐng)的 10倍,從而產(chǎn)生 10家汽車抵港及離港 10。 汽車交通量的一個(gè) 停車位產(chǎn)生依賴,以及對(duì)搜索流量的停車時(shí)間和停車周轉(zhuǎn)率。 在有關(guān)停車位在城市地區(qū)合理的供應(yīng)多次討論,停車赤字抱怨,尤其是在零售行業(yè)的代表。的停車位經(jīng)常提到的赤字是經(jīng)常暴露出他是一個(gè) “赤字 ”廉價(jià)和容易獲得的空間接近真實(shí)的目的地。顯示的數(shù)字是法蘭克福主。 私人空間不能被控制,市政停車的概念。這些空間是完全由市政府和控制,因此,他們通常是停車概念的發(fā)起者。該旅客入住的時(shí)間少圖的相似性是由于不同的訪問(wèn)目的不同。 對(duì)客戶和游客的汽車在城市地區(qū)存在 Nordend Siid是在白天不斷增加,由暗訪為主。 (這是 假設(shè)汽車在大約上午 03點(diǎn) 00分屬于居民。員工,因?yàn)檎l(shuí)的障礙,業(yè)務(wù)需要或缺乏合理的公共交通工具依靠 他們的汽車,通??梢杂伤麄児咎峁┩\囄唬?40至 50%在德國(guó)城市總停車數(shù)量是民有民營(yíng)使用。 下列商業(yè)交通和居民 在正常的停車需求層次三是那些客戶和參觀者。 這四個(gè)不同的用戶群體,根據(jù)停車需求的停車時(shí)間,一天的時(shí)間,停車在公共街道或偏好在一個(gè)停車場(chǎng),目的地接近,愿意付停車費(fèi),在準(zhǔn)備或變更為其他方法的輸送。在它 最后的結(jié)果減少到內(nèi)無(wú)障礙城市。停車問(wèn)題更為嚴(yán)重的是對(duì)其他道路使用者:行人被車停在行人路上惱火, 由那些騎自行車的自行車道,步行不暢,得到的出路是通過(guò)行車危險(xiǎn),特別是對(duì)兒童和老人,公交車和電車受到阻礙,裝卸區(qū)被封鎖,并搜索流量株住宅和混合使用區(qū)街頭。甚至居民僅汽車不能根據(jù)生態(tài)安置,美觀,而且功能上可以承受的條件。 在這些城市的停車問(wèn)題發(fā)生在市中心的住宅和混合使用區(qū)靠近市中心。對(duì)于東德,目前( 1990年中期)的相應(yīng)數(shù)字大約是每 1000人 235轎車。因此,從長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)時(shí)間的一個(gè)員工使用空間的變化對(duì)短期客戶的時(shí)間 在停車場(chǎng)經(jīng)常討論的概念 產(chǎn)生至少五倍的汽車流量。由不同的用戶群體的不同特點(diǎn)停車需求進(jìn)行了討論。 德國(guó)大城市的停車政策 關(guān)鍵詞:非法停車,機(jī)動(dòng)化,停車需求與供應(yīng),分區(qū)條例 摘要 :這篇文章涉及高度機(jī)動(dòng)化在德國(guó)大城市的西約 20多萬(wàn)居民中,它通常提供了合理的公共交通系統(tǒng)??偼\嚬┙o由公共和私人空間。停車測(cè)量和控制效果的公共場(chǎng)所以及在分區(qū)條例規(guī)定的停車場(chǎng),在新的私人停車位和停泊及轉(zhuǎn)乘建設(shè)的限制進(jìn)行了討論。在接下來(lái)的 兩三年內(nèi),我們將可能經(jīng)歷幾乎在東德車隊(duì)增加一倍。在城市中心本身,通常是足夠的停車位,由于在七十年代建成的停車場(chǎng)大的擴(kuò)展。 在同一時(shí)間,在中部地區(qū)機(jī)動(dòng)低于平均水平,由于公共交通,自行車和自己的腳,并經(jīng)主管平均社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu),它在這些領(lǐng)域的一些常見的引起很好的訪問(wèn)。 非法泊車,擁有約 40至 50%的股份總停車,是在德國(guó)城市普遍。 2. 不同用戶群體的停車要求 居民,員工,客戶和參觀者要求停車空間,以及交貨和交通服務(wù)也要求。 居民停車規(guī)定,具有較高的優(yōu)先權(quán),即使在現(xiàn)有的城區(qū)街道。這個(gè)用戶群是非常不均勻,包括購(gòu)物,商業(yè)和私人的訪問(wèn)。 白天不同時(shí)段不同停車泊車位的需求,并可根據(jù)用戶群體和行程目的,造成占用時(shí)間特性曲線圖顯示可同時(shí)停放汽車的數(shù)量 在同一時(shí)間白天 無(wú)論是合法或非法的。停泊)約上午七時(shí)(錄制的開始)約 60%的各居民的汽車都存在,而在約下午七時(shí) 00分約 45%都存在。在商業(yè)和購(gòu)物的地方訪問(wèn)支配其他地區(qū),跌幅接近傍晚曲線。 :路邊和街道,公共場(chǎng)所和私人場(chǎng)所 一個(gè)城市的地區(qū)總停車數(shù)量由關(guān)于所有權(quán),經(jīng)營(yíng)和可用性位不同類型的停車空間構(gòu)成。 即使是那些公開操作 關(guān)于城市停車庫(kù)的影響是有限的,因?yàn)橛嘘P(guān) ,例如,購(gòu)永久關(guān)稅,讓停車位或法律合同。他們只能間接影響,例如,通過(guò)在沒有停車規(guī)定所有雇員在公共領(lǐng)域,促使公司分發(fā)他們的私人空間給員工誰(shuí)是汽車,因?yàn)槿毕荩瑢I(yè)用的汽車的約束,又缺乏在公共交通工具。 停車空間,它是不能完全控制的停車管理措施是一個(gè) “過(guò)度飽和 ”制度:即停車場(chǎng)停車供給超過(guò)需求或者 換一種方式 吸引更多的額外空間的汽車。這些都是在當(dāng)今的法規(guī),路邊的空間 法律以及非法的。這種 “缺陷 ”往往溶解如果底層的泊車位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)生了變化,即如果,例如,一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的停車和最終目的地之間的步行是假定的。所以,舉例來(lái)說(shuō), 10居民%的汽車停在一個(gè)法蘭克福市中心區(qū)的街道是不是在周日感動(dòng)。 粗糙余額往往是基于這一假設(shè)為顧客和游客短期車位被占用五倍,較居民或雇員的停車空間。因此,必須擴(kuò)展公式:用于代替長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)時(shí)間空間的范圍內(nèi),汽車交通總量將不會(huì)增加客戶提供更短的時(shí)間空間。作者:法蘭克福市( 1988年)停車的概念是基于對(duì)員工的路邊停車收費(fèi)大幅減少,在為客戶和適合在所考慮的地區(qū)公共交通服務(wù)質(zhì)量游客溫和停車供給。 cars will still grow. The parking problem is often seen in the shortened conscience of a car driver who cannot quickly find a cheap parking space in the direct vicinity of his or her destination. Parking problems are much more severe for other street users: pedestrians are annoyed by cars parked on pavements, cyclists by those on cycle lanes, walking is impeded, getting out of the way by using the carriageway is dangerous especially for children and elderly people, buses and trams are hindered, loading zones are blocked, and search traffic strains the streets in residential and mixeduse areas. Illegal parking, with shares of about 40 to 50% of the total parking, is widespread in German cities. About 383,000 fines and 27,000 towaways in Frankfurt, for instance, in 1989 or even about 927,000 fines and 42,000 towawaysin Munich change little of this situation (according to information from the cities39。 cars is mountainshaped with a maximum presence in the forenoon of about 85% of all registered parking occurrences. The occupancy time graphs of residents and employees are very similar in all investigated city districts. The presence of customers39。 cars parked onstreet in a Frankfurt inner city district are not moved during a weekday. In Munich inner city districts, this share of unmoved cars rises to 30%. Residential parking spaces used in this way generate no car traffic during the day at all. On the contrary, a parking space with a onehour parking limit from . to . which is enforced, may be occupied 10 times, thus generating 10 car arrivals and 10 departures. Rough balances are often based on the assumption that a shortduration parking space for customers and visitors is occupied fivefold pared with a resident39。 next is to distribute scarce spaces according to priorities derived from urban development policies。 vehicles had to be parked on private premises. Since 1939 (Reichsgaragenordnung),in Germany building owners are legally obliged to provide parking space on their premises according to the type and amount of intended uses. In the meantime, parking within the public street has bee mon law. But nevertheless the Building Acts of the German States still formulate the parking space obligation. The parkingspace obligation es into power when a building is newly erected, when it is rebuilt or extended or even when the uses of the building are changed. If, for instance, a flat is converted into an office, the parking space obligation is extended from 1 to spaces per flat to 1 space per about 30 m 2 usable area。Rfacilities at the terminus stations of the municipal UBahn or SBahnstations where train capacities provide a good chance for the passenger to get a seat. Pamp。s own premises and, second, to pay a certain amount of money per space to the munity. These payoffs are used to provide spaces within an acceptable distanc