【正文】 including such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior.企業(yè)文化core values核心價值觀risktaking personality喜歡冒險的個性attentiontodetail personalities注重細節(jié)的個性outeoriented personalities注重結(jié)果的個性customer service客服peopleoriented personality以人為本的個性teamoriented personality注重團隊合作的個性aggressive personality積極進取的個性nonstable personality不求穩(wěn)的個性codes of ethics道德規(guī)范corporate climate企業(yè)氛圍Chapter 4：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻譯managementManagement is defined as the application of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to acplish meaningful organizational objectives.管理planningPlanning is a management function which means defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them.計劃strategic planning / longrange planningStrategic planning determines the major goals of the organization as well as the policies, procedures, and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃/長期規(guī)劃tactical planning / shortrange planningTactical planning is the process of developing detailed, shortterm strategies about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.戰(zhàn)術(shù)規(guī)劃/短期規(guī)劃operational planningOperational planning is the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the tactical objectives. 運營規(guī)劃contingency planningContingency planning is the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don’t achieve the organization’s objectives.應急計劃organizingOrganizing is a management function that typically follows planning and reflects how the organization tries to acplish the plan.組織structural reorganization結(jié)構(gòu)重組directingdirecting is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.領(lǐng)導，指揮autocratic leadershipAutocratic leadership, the close style of supervision, means providing subordinates with detailed job instructions.專制型領(lǐng)導democratic leadershipDemocratic leadership, the general supervision, is a management style in which the manager consults with subordinates about job activities, problems, and corrective actions.民主性領(lǐng)導controllingControlling is a management function that involves verifying that actual performance matches the plan.控制organizational structureOrganizational structure is the formal decisionmaking framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.組織結(jié)構(gòu)toplevel managersTop managers are those who take the responsibility of setting organizational goals, defining strategies for achieving them, monitoring and interpreting the external environment, and making decisions that affect the entire organization.高層管理者middlelevel managersMiddlelevel managers are those who receive the broad overall strategies, missions, and objectives from toplevel managers and translate them into specific action programs.中層管理者firstlevel managersFirstlevel managers are those who emphasize directing and controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team goals.基層管理者supervisor主管（基層管理者）managerial roles經(jīng)理人角色figurehead roleThe manager handles ceremonial and symbolic activities for the department or organization.名譽領(lǐng)袖角色liaison roleThe manager interacts with peers and people inside and outside the organization.聯(lián)絡(luò)人角色leader roleThe leader role enpasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, munication, and influence.領(lǐng)導人角色monitor roleThe manager receives and collects information from many sources.監(jiān)聽者角色disseminator roleThe manager transmits special information into the organization.傳播者角色spokesperson roleThe manager disseminates the organization’s information into its environment.發(fā)言人角色entrepreneur roleThe manager initiates change.企業(yè)家角色disturbance han