【正文】 論聯(lián)系緊密，后者則表示光似乎由 粒子構(gòu)成。 愛因斯坦沒有通過蘇黎士瑞士聯(lián)邦工藝學(xué)校的入學(xué)考試，但在一年后被錄取了。上學(xué)后,雖然老師們看不出他有什么天分，但天才的跡象 已經(jīng)顯露。從此殘留的畏懼之情都煙消云散了。他的自然隨意立刻讓我放松了。最終我還是鼓起勇氣我敲了門，里面?zhèn)鱽砹朔浅睾偷穆曇簦赫?qǐng)進(jìn)他說這個(gè)詞的時(shí)候聲調(diào)上揚(yáng)，聽起來即像是歡迎又像是在提問。薪水方面，研究中心讓他自己全權(quán)決定。他的邏輯真是無懈可擊。Unit3 My Friends, Albert Einstein愛因斯坦是世界上最偉大的科學(xué)家之一，但如果要我用一個(gè)詞來概括他這個(gè)人的品質(zhì)，那我會(huì)選質(zhì)樸。粗略地認(rèn)識(shí)三個(gè)單詞還不如準(zhǔn)確地掌握兩個(gè)。就算大文豪沙士比亞也只使用了兩萬左右的詞匯。就那走路來說，通過我們擁有的各種各樣的詞語的意義范圍有多么廣闊。措辭的變化往往意味著風(fēng)格的改變，并給讀者以不同的感受。(1) He died poor.(2) He expired（斷氣、死） in indigent（貧困） circumstances.In one sense expired is a synonym for died and in indigent circumstances for poor, but when the whole statement is considered, we cannot maintain that the two are the same. The change in words is a change in style, and the effect on the reader is quite different. It is perhaps easier to be a good craftsman with wood and nails than a good craftsman with words, but all of us can increase our skill and sensitivity with a little effort and patience. In this way we shall not only improve our writing, but also our reading.（1） 他死的時(shí)侯很窮。而看很可能比去看更強(qiáng)調(diào)看火車這一動(dòng)作。（2） 當(dāng)我是個(gè)小孩子的時(shí)候我喜歡看火車開過。句子用詞改變了，句子就不再是原來的意思了。但是無論意思上如何相近的詞總是存在著些許區(qū)別?！癉istillation (提煉)”意味得到本質(zhì)（essence）的東西。一名記者在一篇有關(guān)圣誕節(jié)的社論中這樣引出狄更斯的話： All that was ever thought or written about Christmas is imprisoned in this sentence…. Imprisonment suggests force, coercion（強(qiáng)迫）, as if the meaning were held against its will. It would be better to write contained or summed up. Epitomized （集中體現(xiàn)）might do, though it is rather a clumsysounding word. Searching a little farther for the “mot juste” we might hit on the word distilled（提?。? This has more force than contained or summed up. Distillation suggests essence and we might further improve the sentence by adding this word at the beginning: 任何有關(guān)圣誕節(jié)的想法和文字已經(jīng)被禁錮(imprisoned )在這句話中……“Imprisonment” 暗示著強(qiáng)迫，威逼，這么一來似乎意思是有悖其初衷的。 This stirring appeal is spoilt by a malapropism in the last phrase, the word singularity. What the writer meant, I think, was singleness of mind, holding steadfastly to the purpose in mind, without being drawn aside by less worthy objects. Singularity means oddity or peculiarity, something that singles a man out from other men 這一激動(dòng)人心的呼吁被最后一個(gè)詞“奇異（singularity）” 的誤用破壞掉了。 ”“Anxiety” 含有煩惱和恐懼的意味。有一種屠殺工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰機(jī))，而不是human killer ( 殺人機(jī)器)。Some English words have a mon root but are used in very different senses. Consider human and humane（人道，仁慈的）, for example. Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usage is distinct. A human action is not the same thing as a humane action. We cannot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights. There is a weapon called a humane killer, but it is not a human killer.一些英語詞匯詞根相同而意義卻截然不同。一旦找到了那個(gè)詞，我們就會(huì)感到很欣慰：辛勞得到了回報(bào)。這不僅僅是扎實(shí)的語言功底和相當(dāng)大的詞匯量的問題，還需要人們絞盡腦汁，要觀察敏銳。 they are subtle（微妙的） and delicate（細(xì)膩的） in their different shades（色調(diào)） of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely（正是，恰恰） what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good mand of language and a fairly wide vocabulary。一位優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)家譴詞造句上力求準(zhǔn)確而有力地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。 the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective（模糊的形容詞）, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is pletely right for his purpose.你見過一個(gè)笨手笨腳的男人往箱子上釘釘子嗎？只見他左敲敲，右敲敲，說不準(zhǔn)還會(huì)將整個(gè)釘子錘翻，結(jié)果敲來敲去到頭來只敲進(jìn)了半截。而嫻熟的木匠就不這么干。差不多的詞，不準(zhǔn)確的短語，摸棱兩可的表達(dá)，含糊不清的修飾，都無法使一位追求純真英語的作家滿意。 it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once remarked: “How can I know what I think till I see what I say?” this sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it. 法國(guó)人有一個(gè)很貼切的短語來表達(dá)這樣一個(gè)意思，即“l(fā)e mot juste”, 恰到好處的詞。選詞是認(rèn)識(shí)過程的一個(gè)步驟，也是詳細(xì)描述我們的思想感情并表達(dá)出來使自己以及聽眾和讀者深刻理解的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。準(zhǔn)確地用語言有助于我們深入了解我們描述的事物。例如human 和humane,二者的詞根相同，詞義也相關(guān)，但用法完全不同。 We don’t have to look far afield to find evidence of bad carpentry in language. A student, replying to an invitation to dinner, finished his letter: “I shall be delighted to e and I am looking forward to the day with anxiety.” Anxiety carries with it suggestions of worry and fear. What the writer meant was possibly eagerness. Anxiety has some kinship（親屬關(guān)系） with eagerness but it will not do as a substitute（替代） in this context. 語言中的壞手藝的例子在我們身邊隨處可見。作者想表達(dá)的很可能是一種翹首期盼的心情。我猜想作者真正要表達(dá)的意思是思想的專一，即抱定一個(gè)信念永不改變，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干擾。用 “包含(contained )”或 “歸結(jié)（summed up ）”就要好些。因此我們可以進(jìn)一步把這個(gè)句子修改為： The essence of all that was ever thought or written about Christmas is distilled in this sentence.所有有關(guān)圣誕節(jié)的想法和文字的精華都被提煉到這句話之中。作為學(xué)生就要敏感地意識(shí)到這些區(qū)別?！边@也許過于絕對(duì)，但是很難駁倒。At fist glance these two sentences are exactly the same. But look more closely and you will see that there are very tiny differences. In my childhood is a shade more abstract than when I was a child. Watching perhaps emphasizes the looking at trains a little more than to watch. This is a very subtle example, and it would be possible to argue about it, but everyone would at once agree that there is a marked difference between the next two statements:乍一看這兩個(gè)句子的意思完全一樣。這個(gè)例子不是很明顯，可能有待商榷。（2） 他斷氣時(shí)窮困潦倒。也許當(dāng)好一個(gè) 譴詞造句的工匠比當(dāng)好一個(gè)與木頭釘子打交道的木匠要難一些，但是只要我們付出努力和耐心，我們就能提高自己的技能和敏感性。我們可以說行軍，踱步，巡邏，潛進(jìn)，跨過，踐踏，重步走，蹦蹦跳跳地走，昂首闊步，高視闊步，徘徊，沉重緩慢地走，溜達(dá)，曳足而行，搖搖晃晃地走，側(cè)身而行，跋涉，蹣跚學(xué)步，漫步，徜徉，漫游，閑蕩，悄悄地走。今天普通英國(guó)人的詞匯量在12000到13000之間。衡量一個(gè)木匠的好壞并不在于他擁有工具的數(shù)量多少，而是在于他運(yùn)用工具的技藝如何。也許一個(gè)小故事能讓我們略知一二。他這種本能地把握事物本質(zhì)的能力正是他能夠做出重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的秘訣所在，除此之外，還有他對(duì)美的那種非凡的感覺。但讓研究中心主任感到沮喪的是，愛因斯坦開出了一個(gè)讓人無法接受的數(shù)目：他要的實(shí)在是太少了。我進(jìn)到他的辦公室，發(fā)現(xiàn)他正坐在桌旁，抽著煙斗，演算一個(gè)問題。當(dāng)我開始闡述自己的見解時(shí)， 他叫我把方程式寫在黑板上， 這樣他就能明白它們是怎么 展開。 愛因斯坦于 1879 年出生在德國(guó)的烏爾姆市。例如，他自學(xué)微積分，老師們有些怕他，因?yàn)樗倖栃┧麄兓卮鸩怀龅膯栴}。在那， 他除了完成規(guī)定的學(xué)業(yè)外，還自修了物理學(xué)的經(jīng)典著作。但這個(gè)不為人知的年輕人大膽地將這兩個(gè)理論同時(shí)拋出 而且他的這兩個(gè)理 論都是正確的，至于他為何是正確的，其中的緣由過于復(fù)雜，此處就不多說了。這樣我們不僅了解了作為朋友的愛因斯坦，也了解了作為專家的他。然后他會(huì)踱來踱 去，用食指旋著一縷灰白的長(zhǎng)發(fā)。他已經(jīng)找到解決問題的方法了。記得那段悲傷的日子里，我到他家和他一起工作。我們了差不多兩個(gè)小時(shí)，到最 后他的眼里已經(jīng)沒有一絲悲哀了。 有一天他對(duì)我說莫扎特是最偉大的作曲家，使我刮目相看。其一是人們所說的相對(duì)原理，粗略地說，就是我們判斷 我們是在靜止還是在平穩(wěn)地運(yùn)動(dòng)。 分別看這兩個(gè)設(shè)想，就其本身而言，非常合理