【正文】 fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú)；fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)1主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句) 但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))部分名詞用法辨析：sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶(hù)內(nèi)戶(hù)外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買(mǎi))a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。只在詞尾加’。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱(chēng)。二、名詞：英語(yǔ)名詞可分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)：專(zhuān)有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)用名稱(chēng)。(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。如and, but, before .感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.代詞(pron.)： 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如：am, is,are,have,see .副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如：oh, well, hi, hello.句子成分：英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ))☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。 Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。專(zhuān)有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.②s,o,x ,sh,：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk. 名詞所有格： 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),China’s population(中國(guó)的人口).(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如：A woman with a 7yearold child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)1either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏(yíng)得了劃艇比賽) festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類(lèi)的魚(yú))/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚(yú))三、代詞：代詞的分類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫(xiě)信)人稱(chēng)代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如：What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺(jué)要學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)物主代詞：說(shuō)明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性?xún)煞N。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。如：Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語(yǔ)從句和主句連接起來(lái)。如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書(shū)了嗎？)關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們?cè)谶@里沒(méi)有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問(wèn)題要問(wèn)嗎？)any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒(méi)有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書(shū),但沒(méi)有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來(lái)代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞；也可用來(lái)代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。)all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車(chē)去還是坐轎車(chē)去？一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車(chē)去。如： Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋(píng)果樹(shù)下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說(shuō)話(huà)) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊？) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書(shū))another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個(gè)) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個(gè)時(shí)用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)