【正文】 ，進(jìn)入到新的【opportunity 機(jī)會(huì)、時(shí)機(jī)】的領(lǐng)域。）More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyorfor example, are monly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specializedexpertise.（更具體的【explicit 清楚的、直接的】工作如土地測量員、工程測量員和水道測量員，一般【monly一般地】被業(yè)內(nèi)人士【practitioners 從業(yè)者】用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。 it has been introducedworldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renamingwhat was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of puter scienceand/or GISoriented courses.（這個(gè)術(shù)語【term 術(shù)語】作為一個(gè)學(xué)科【academic discipline 學(xué)科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在過去的幾年里被全世界的許多高等教育研究機(jī)構(gòu)所熟知，通常是以前的“大地測量學(xué)”或“測量學(xué)”在引入了許多計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和 GIS 方向【或“基于 GIS”】的課程后重新命名的。）Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increasedimportance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatiallyrelated types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.（隨著新技術(shù)的發(fā)展和不斷增長的對空間關(guān)系的信息類型的需求，尤其是在測量和監(jiān)測我們的環(huán)境方面【環(huán)境監(jiān)測】，現(xiàn)在，傳統(tǒng)測量學(xué)定義連同【along with】日益【steadily 穩(wěn)定的】增長的測量的重要性一起包含在這個(gè)術(shù)語里了?！局弊g為：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地測量員、工程測量員和水道測量員，一般被從業(yè)者用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。）In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred theboundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas.（另外，最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊了以前被認(rèn)為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領(lǐng)域的【實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)的 practiceand activity】界限）Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whoseeducation and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.（可以預(yù)見【forecast】，這種發(fā)展繼續(xù)并將為涉獵廣泛、學(xué)識一流的【broadly based and of a high academic standard】畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)造新的事業(yè)。）These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic informationis collected, managed, and applied. （這些術(shù)語起初被采用用來表示地理信息的采集、管理和應(yīng)用的總體的方法。）Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative puterprograms。）【as part of 作為……的一部分，這里不翻譯出來】The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be “the art, science andtechnologies related to the management of geographicallyreferenced information.” Geomatics includesa wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of sitespecific spatial data inengineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies inenvironmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping,and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（測繪學(xué)定義在發(fā)展。）Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis,management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termedspatial data. These data e from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and seabornesensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with stateoftheart informationtechnology using puter software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which dependon spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology andgeophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental toall the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（測繪學(xué)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語，用以表示測量、分析、管理，存儲(chǔ)和顯示基于地球信息，經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)【often termed spatial data】數(shù)據(jù)的描述和位置的集成方法。它因而成為所有使用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學(xué)學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測，陸地和海洋資源管理，以及房地產(chǎn)交易【real estate 房地產(chǎn)，transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。）Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. （兩點(diǎn)之間的距離可以是平距、斜距、或者是垂距。）The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number ofrevolutions of a wheel.（自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀是一個(gè)簡單的裝置，可以附屬于【be attached to 附屬于】車輛之上并直接記錄【register 記錄 v.】輪子的旋轉(zhuǎn)周數(shù)。）Such tapes have low precision in distance measurements with about 1/3000~1/5000.（這種尺的精度低，測距精度只有 1/3000 到 1/5000）The precise taping refers to the steel tapes and which are much more expensive than the plastic tape andhave higher precision of 1/10000~1/30000.（精密尺距測量使用的是比塑膠尺貴的多的鋼尺，并具有更高的精度――1/10000 到 1/30000）Invar tapes are posed 35% nickel and 65% steel.（因瓦尺是由 35％的鎳和 65％的鋼組成）This alloy has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, making the tapes useful in precise distancemeasurement. （這種合金具有非常低的熱膨脹【thermal expansion】系數(shù)【coefficient】，使得這種尺利于精密距離測量）Many tapes are now graduated with foot units on one side and metric units on the reverse side. （現(xiàn)在許多尺上都在正面標(biāo)刻【graduate 標(biāo)刻、刻】了英尺計(jì)量單位，而在反面標(biāo)刻了米制計(jì)量單位）Metric units are in meters, centimeter and minimeter with the total length of 20 m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m.（米制計(jì)量單位是米，厘米和毫米，尺的總長為 20m、30m、50m 或 100m）If we want to measure the horizontal distance between the two points A and B, we can do like this:（如果我們想測量 A 點(diǎn)和 B 點(diǎn)之間的平距，我們可以這樣來做：）With zero of the tape to the higher point B and tape going along the point A, we can measure thehorizontal distance by using the plumb bob with pump line entering to the point A.（將尺的 0 刻度對準(zhǔn)較高點(diǎn) B 點(diǎn)，尺沿向 A 點(diǎn)，我們可以利用在 A 點(diǎn)的鉛垂【plumb bob】垂線【pump line 應(yīng)為 plumbline 垂線】測出平距）To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move the tape up and down along the pump line and we willfind the changes of reading in the tape.（為了確定準(zhǔn)確的水平線，我們應(yīng)沿垂線方向上下移動(dòng)尺子，我們在尺上將得到不同的的讀數(shù)【changes of reading 讀數(shù)的變化】）The shortest reading of the tape is the horizontal distance.（尺子最小的讀數(shù)就是平距）If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several segmentsand get the total distance by plus each segment together.（如果距離比尺長要長，那么【then】我們可以將其分成幾段【segment】，把每段長加起來獲得總長。）By reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view and then the horizontal distance fromcenter of instrument to rod can be obtained by multiplying the stadia interval factor K by the stadiainterval and plus the distance C which is from the center of instrument to pr