【正文】 Extraction method is applied owing to the solubility of fat in organic ether, hexane, and pentane. The fat which is produced in this manner must be cleansed of solvents and the fat is to be refined. 提取方法是 應用于溶解性脂肪如有機醚、環(huán)己烷和 戊烷 。這是由于這樣的事實，烏克蘭在國際分工的過程中得到深化，已經成為世界領先的向日葵花種子、向日葵花油和燕麥的生產地。 Ukraine is one of the five main world producers of sunflower. Yearly output of sunflower amounted to more than 4 million tonnes in this year. Only Argentine ( m tonnes) produced more. 烏克蘭是世界五個主要向日葵生產地之一。食品工廠在產品生產和去除環(huán)境中廢物的過程中的主要問題的另一個重要方面是確保生態(tài)安全。這種產品的特征是包含了某些材料，除了具有提供傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)分和能量的功能，還具有一系列獨特的生理功能，有助于人體對抗負面影響。 phospholipids。其中薄層色譜法應用于識別脂肪含量 (磷脂 )的污水。在該方法的基礎上，對污水的凈化是一個初步澄清分離 污水 中的碳酸鈣，隨后用次氯酸鈉澄清水，再添加中和劑的過程。 thinlayer chromatography。 Food industry is one of the most resourcedemanding branches of industry, therefore it is especially important to ensure rational usage of raw materials. In the processing subbranches of agricultural plex where the value of products is prised of material and energy expenditures, it is increasingly crucial to decrease the consumption of materials. This can be achieved by dint of wide implementation of nonwaste technologies, plex usage of raw materials and secondary(recycled) resources in bined industry. Another important aspect of the subject problem is ensuring of ecological safety of plants where the food products are produced as well as elimination of the influence of the wastes upon the environment. One of the most important problems which the food industry enterprises face is the problem of wastewater treatment. In Ukraine, foodproducing enterprises are mostly located in the West and the SouthWest which have a rich work of water bodies. This means that control over discharge of sewage water is to be exercised more strictly than usual and foodproducing panies in these regions are to be prevented from polluting the water reservoirs. 食品 企業(yè) 是對資源要求最高的產業(yè)結構之一 ， 因此確保原材料的合理使用顯得尤為重要。其中一個最重要的問題是企業(yè)面臨的食品工業(yè) 污水 處理的問題。今年向日葵的年產量達 400萬多噸。 Therefore, we are facing a crucially important task which foresees a more detailed examination of peculiarities of such valuable product as sunflower oil, bringing this production closer to the ecologically clean technologies whilst minimising the wastes of production. 因此 ,我們正在面臨著一個重要的任務 , 更詳盡地預測如此有價值的向日葵花油的產品特性，促進清潔生產同時減少產生的廢料。這樣產生的脂肪必須用溶劑清洗然后精煉濃縮。 Oil refinement leads to full or partial removal of harmful substances. Depending upon the depth of purification, the following types of oil are produced: 食用油的提純導致全部或部分的有害物質的被去除。 Most of Ukrainian oilproducing enterprises do not provide for purification of industrial wastewaters, dumping thousands of tonnes of polluting substances into the water bodies. The purification facilities which exist in some places were constructed a long time ago and had been designed with regard to the requirements of domestic wastewater purification. Such facilities, at best, partially decrease the value of general BOD (biological oxygen demand) or simply let the wastewater flow through。 這些設施即使在最好的情況下 也只能減少部分 BOD（生物需氧量）值或者僅僅是讓水通過；最壞的情況是這些污水在排入水體前腐蝕這些設備并增強毒性。 對 于許多企業(yè)， 污水凈化成為一個嚴峻的問題 。因此， 不符合烏克蘭 ―關于保護環(huán)境 ‖和 ―保護地表水 污水 污染條例 ‖法律要求 的 污染 污水 排入開放的水體。 企業(yè)出于 經濟問題 的考慮 不會中和 排放的氫氧化鈉，雖然水體會造成更嚴重的污染，但是氫氧化鈉是必須的。 污水 的污染程度 取決于以下指標(表 1)。 4 Suspended substances mg/dm179。 8 Biological demand5 (BOD5) oxygen mg/dm179。 3 磷酸鹽 mg/dm179。 7 脂肪 mg/dm179。 incubation of the sample lasting a certain period of time (5 days) at t176。 concentration of dissolved oxygen before and after the incubation period was determined by the method of voluminal iodometric titration。 色譜分析法 在下列 溶液 中 : Direction 1: chloroform: methanol: 25 % aqueous solution of ammonium in the following proportions: 65252. Direction 2: chloroform: methanol: acetic acid: water。 clockwise pared to its initial placing, and again inserted into the chromatographic chamber filled with a system of solvents for Direction 2. After passing of F2 Solvent Front, the plate was removed and airdried. Then it was developed in an exsiccator saturated with iodine steam for about 15 minutes. The phospholipids manifested themselves on the chromatogram in the form of yellow stains. 經過初步硫酸鹽中和和沉淀，污水（數(shù)量 =50mcl） 涂抹在感光片右下角。在通過 F2溶劑后，將感光片再次移開、風干。 2 phosphatidylethanolamine。 6,7 lysophosphatidylcholine。 2 磷脂酰乙醇胺 。 7 溶血卵磷脂 。 this also has its advantages with regard to rational usage of clean water for technologic