第10章_寡頭壟斷和壟斷競爭(已修改)
2025-03-16 01:06 本頁面
【正文】 寡頭和壟斷競爭 第 10章 1 不完全競爭者的行為 2 市場勢力 ? Market power signifies (表示 ) the degree of control that a firm or a small number of firms has over the price and production decisions in an industry. ? The most mon measure of market power is the fourfirm concentration ratio. 3 Firm Output Firm 1 25 Firm 2 20 Firm 3 15 Firm 4 10 Firm 5 8 Firm 6 7 Firm 7 5 Firm 8 5 Firm 9 3 Firm 10 2 =70 4企業(yè)集中度 Concentration Ratios: c4 = q1 + q2 + q3 +q4 25+20+15+10 100 Q = = 70% 4 Cigarettes Household refrigerators Electric light bulbs Motor vehicles Greeting cards Blast furnaces Screw products 5%_4% Tools, dies, and jigs 3%_2% 93% 82% 86% 84% 84% 37% 7% 16% 8% 7% 4% 21% 4 largest panies Next 4 largest panies 5 集中度測定時要注意的 ? Conventional concentration measures include only domestic production and exclude imports. ? Conventional concentration measures also ignore the growing impact of petition from other industries. 6 不完全競爭的性質(zhì) ? Economists have found that three major factors are present in imperfectly petitive markets: 1. Costs 2. Barriers to petition 3. Strategic interaction (策略互動 ) 7 不完全競爭的結(jié)果 ? Inefficient allocation of resources: P MC ? High levels of RD spending per dollar of sales. 8 不完全競爭的理論 ? Three of the most important cases of imperfect petition: ?Collusive oligopoly (合謀寡頭 ) ?Monopolistic petition ?Smallnumber oligopoly 9 策略互動 ? Strategic interaction is a term that describes how each firm’ s business strategy depends on their rivals’ strategies. ? As the number of firms in an industry shrink (減少 ), each firm is more likely to base pricing and output decisions on how other firms are likely to respond. 10 寡頭的合作與非合作選擇 ? When there are only a small number of firms in a market, they have a choice between cooperative (合作 ) and noncooperative (非合作 ) behavior. 11 合謀 ? Collusion occurs when one or more firms jointly (共同地 ) set prices or outputs, divide the market among themselves, or make other business decisions jointly. ? Such collusion can be either explicit or tacit (公開的或默許的 ). 12 公開合謀 ? One example of explicit (清楚的，公開的 ) collusion would be that of the Gilded Age oligopolists (市場供應(yīng)壟斷者 ) in the early years of American capitalism. ? These oligopolists formed trusts or cartels (托拉斯或卡特爾 ) to set prices. 13 美國的反托拉斯法 ? 《謝爾曼法》是在 1890年通過的， 100多年來基本未變。它有兩條主要條款： ? 第 1條 ，任何限制州際或與外國的貿(mào)易和商業(yè)的合同、托拉斯或其他形式的合并或陰謀，都是非法的。 ? 第 2條 ，任何將實行壟斷、或企圖實行壟斷、或與他人合并或密謀策劃以謀求對州際或與外國的貿(mào)易和商業(yè)的任一部分實行壟斷的人，均將被視為犯罪。 14 以后的變化 ? 1974年，對謝爾曼法進(jìn)行了修正，判違法以重罪而不是輕罪。 ? 現(xiàn)在，公司可被罰款
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